JOHNA.SEAVERNS Digitized by the Internet Archive in 2009 with funding from Boston Library Consortium IVIember Libraries http://www.archive.org/details/americanstallion03batt AMERICAN STALLION REGISTER INCLUDING ALL STALLIONS PROMINENT IN THE BREEDING OF THE AMERICAN ROADSTER, TROTTER AND PACER, FROM THE EARLIEST RECORDS TO I903. AND THIS INCLUDES NEARLY ALL IMPORTED ENGLISH THOROUGHBREDS, AND THEIR MORE DISTINGUISHED GET, TOGETHER WITH MANY OF THE STALLIONS FROM WHICH THEY ARE DESCENDED ; AND ALL SIRES OF 2 :30 TROTTERS OR 2 125 PACERS TO I903. ALSO THE RATING OF MORGAN BLOOD IN ALL OF THESE STALLIONS SO FAR AS KNOWN COMPILED FROM ORIGINAL SOURCES WITH MANY PEDIGREES, HITHERTO INCORRECTLY RECORDED, CORRECTED (IN ALL CASES THE EVIDENCE UPON WHICH THIS IS DONE BEING GIVEN), AND MANY MORE PEDIGREES EXTENDED ILLUSTRATED BY JOSEPH BATTELL AUTHOR OF THE MORGAN HORSE AND REGISTER " I did for the horse what I would neither do for earl or baron, doffed my hat; yes! I doffed my hat to the wondrous horse, the fast trotter, the best in mother England." — George Borrow in "Lavengro." VOLUME IIL AMERICAN PUBLISHING COMPANY MIDDLEBURY, VT. I913 Cop5Tight, 19 1 3, by Joseph Battell. PREFACE THIS Volume of the American Stallion Register comprises the letters H, I, J, K, L, M and N, together with an Introduction containing a contin- uation of the history of the different States which was begun in Volume II. The Introduction also gives an extended history of the original Justin Morgan and Henry Clay, and the body of the book a thorough one of the Hamiltonian family that sprung from imported Messenger and includes Bishop's Hamil- tonian, his sons, the Judson Hamiltonian, Andrus' Hamiltonian and Harris' Hamiltonian, all of which sons lived and died in Vermont. Following these is Hambletonian, by Abdallah : dam by imported Bellfounder ; Hawkins Horse, by Justin Morgan ; imported Messenger and his family ; a large number of Morgan horses including Fearnaught and the Morrill family ; Magna Charta ; the Kentucky Hunters ; European and the Morse Horse, from which de- scended Alexander's Norman and Swigert ; North American, and others. At the end of the Volume will be found an index of the horses referred to in the first part of the book, and a table of breeders and owners. Volume IV. will include at least, in registration, the six letters O, P, Q, R, S and T. Part First will contain a large amount of new matter, and this to quite an extent will be composed of information gathered in Canada by Travelers in the early settlement of that Country; with other information more recent. In the researches which we made in the Province of Quebec in iSSS-'gi we discovered the Dansereau breed of trotters, among the first and best upon this Continent. A large part of these drifted into the United States, from whence their ancestors came, sons and grandsons of the original Morgan horse, that was kept quite a number of years at Danville, Vt., near the Canada line. The first of the Dansereau stallions was bred by Louis Dansereau of Contre Coeur, P. Q. ; and foaled about 1820. He was black, got by the Duhamel Horse, a Morgan horse from Vermont : dam, Jeanne D'Arc, black, bred by Louis Dansereau ; got by the Fisette Horse, foal of a mare brought from Vermont, which mare Mr. Fisette described to us as resembling in PREFACE shape, and size one of a pair of Morgan mares that we were driving, got by Motion, 2 :29, son of Daniel Lambert. The second was the famous Pilot, bred also by Louis Dansereau, black, foaled about 1824; got by the first stallion bred by Mr. Dansereau ; dam Jeanne D'Arc ; passed when a colt to Joseph Dansereau, a brother of Louis, and sold by hun, 1S29, to Elias Lee Rockwell, Stafford, Conn., who lead him behind a peddler wagon to New Orleans, where he sold him to Major O. Dubois for $1000. In 1831 or '32, Pilot was bought for ^1000 by Messrs. Heinsohn & Poe of Louis- ville, Ky., and brought from New Orleans to that city ; after this his history is well known. At the time we traced these horses a grandson of Louis Dansereau was postmaster at Montreal. Instead of repeating we would refer for the " Explanatory Department " to the Preface of Vol. II. The fractions in parenthesis following the name of the stallions, as in preceeding volumes, indicate the amount of Morgan blood. ILLUSTRATIONS. Adirondack Lakes. - - - - - -• -511 Adirondack Mountains, N. Y., - - - - - xxxiv A Kentucky Scene, - - - - - - civ At Bread Loaf Inn, Hon. E. J. Phelps and Gov. J. W. Stewart ON Platform, - - - - - -380 At Bread Loaf Inn, Vt., - - - - - - 858 Autumn, by Gen. Gates, - - - - - -118 Blood Chief Jr. ------ - 444 California Scenes, ------- 300 Canadian Scenes, - - - - - - -484 Connecticut River near Brattleboro, Vt., - - - 237 Eastern A^ermont, - - - - - - -581 Ellen's Mountain, Vermont, Winter, - - - - i57 Equestrian Statue, Washington, D. C, - - - - xi Facsimile of Advertisement of Messenger, - - - 673 Facsimile of Advertiseinient of Kentucky Hunters, - - 445 Fair, Brattleboro, Vt., - - - - - -820 " Feeding Time," -------i Fern Lake, Bread Loaf Inn, Vt., - - - - §59 Four-in-Hand, Middlebury, Vt., - - - - - 80 Four-in-Hand, Middlebury, Vt., - - - - - 81 Frontispiece, - ......{ Gathering Sap for Maple Sugar, - - - - -369 Hambletonian, by Abdallah, - - - - - 36 Hancock Turnpike, Vt., - - - - - -580 Harold, by Hambletonian, - - - - - 37 Hero, 2:20^, - - - - - - -186 Herod, by King Herod, from Artist's Drawing, - - - 187 Highland Gray, - - - - - - -221 ILL USTRA TIONS. Honest Allen, .----_. 236 Hotel, Clarendon, Vt., - - - - - -821 Hotel, Randolph Center, Vt., - - - - -712 Independence Bell, Philadelphia, Penn., - - - - Ix Independence Hall, Philadelphia, Penn., - - - Ixi Joe Patchen, 2 :oi)4^, by Patchen Wilkes, - - - - 339 Junction of White and Connecticut Rivers, Vt., - - 485 Justin Morgan, from Wood Cut in " Morgan Horses," - - 408 Lake Bomoseen, Rutland County, Vt., - - - - 220 Land Slide, Fayston, Vt., - - - - - -713 MiDDLEBURY, Vt., - - - - - - -65 1 MiDDLEBURY, BY MOTION, ---.-. 444 MiDDLEBURY, Vt,, FRO.M OfFICE OF AMERICAN StALLION REGISTER, - 54O Mississippi River, -----_. xci Miss Russell (Dam of Maud S., 2 :o85^), by Pilot Jr., taken at WooDBURN Farm, Kentucky, - - - - cv Montpelier, Vt., - - - - - - -650 Morrill Prince, by Morrill, - - - - - 758 Motion, by Daniel Lambert, - - - - -789 Mountain Forest, Hancock, Vt., - - - - - 788 Loch Lomond, — Scotland, - - - - - -510 Oxen in the South, ------ xc Reaping, Manitoba, - - - - - - .541 Residence of David Goss, St. Johnsbury, Vt., - . . 409 Residence of Hon. Horatio Seymour, United States Senator from Vermont, 1823-35, - - - - -119 Road up Mount INIansfield, Vermont, - - - - 301 Rocky Mountains, - - - - - - -381 Royal Fearnaught, by Fearnaught, - - - - 759 Scenes, Bristol, Vt., - - - - - -621 Scenes near Bread Loaf Inn, Vt., - - - - 368 The Kaatskills, N. Y., - - - - - - xxxv Washington Monument, D. C, - - - - - x Vermont Granite, - - - - - - -156 Washington's Tomb, Mount A^ernon, A^a.., - - - - 672 West Randolph, Vt., ._.... 338 Winooski River and Mol^t Ethan Allen from the West, - cxxii Winter Scenes, Vermont, - - - - . - 620 INTRODUCTION. w JUSTIN MORGAN. E have received the following interesting letters concerning the gene- alogy of the Morgan family : 273 East State Street, Columbus, O., February 3, 1908. Joseph Battell, Manager of American Pubhshing Co., Dear Sir : — Your letter of inquiry as to the ancestry and relatives of Justin Morgan (my great-grandfather) is before me. My great-grandfather, who reared the famous colt which became the celebrated Morgan Horse, was descended from Captain Miles Morgan, whose statue stands in Court House Square in Springfield. Following is the line of descent. Captain Miles Morgan married Prudence Gilbert in 1636. They had eight children. Miles Morgan married a second wife Ehzabeth Bliss, Feb. 15, 1669. They had one son Nathaniel, born Jan. 14, 167 1. Nathaniel Morgan married Hannah Bird, June 19, 1691. They had nine children. The eighth was Isaac, born March 14, 1707. Isaac Morgan married Thankful Day, June 14, 1733. Had 11 children. Their eighth child was Justin, born in West Springfield, Feb. 28, 1746. Justin Morgan married Martha Day, in West Springfield, 1776. Mrs. Justin Morgan (Martha Day) died in Randolph, Vt., March 20, 1 791, leaving five children. Justin Morgan survived his wife seven years. He died in Randolph, Vt., March 22, 179S, at the age of 51. He was but once married. Of the five children one was a son, Justin Morgan who was a merchant in the town of Stockbridge, Vt. He died there in 1853. His oldest son, Justin, was my father. I have been enabled to find out something of my great-grandfather's life and character from two books, one the "Memories of Emily Egerton" who was Emily Morgan, his daughter. The other is entitled "The Morgan Horse. The origin, history and characteristics of this remarkable American Breed of Horses, by D. C. Linsley, Middlebury, Vt." It was published in 1857 by C. M. Saxton, N. Y., Agricultural Book publisher. I do not own the book, but would be very glad to. If you have that book you can find much information xii INTRODUCTION in regard to the pedigree of the Morgan Horse. If you cannot get that book and would care for the extracts I made from it, I will send you my notes from it. A clipping from a Boston paper last December interested me in your efforts to perpetuate the name and fame of the Morgan Horse. If it was not for the remarkable history of the Morgan Horse, I should not have been able to learn even as much as I now know of my ancestors. The incident in my great-grandfather's hfe history which called attention to him was not until long after his death considered important. This was the introduction to Vermont from Massachusetts of a remarkable colt, which became the progenitor of the celebrated Morgan Horses of New England. This original father of the Morgan Horse stock was given the name of "The Justin Morgan." I am sorry to say that the Morgan name of the human family has nearly passed away. I was the last to bear it and when I married, I became Ella J. Morgan Mahony, (Mrs. D. a. Mahony). Harvey D. Morgan was born in Stockbridge, Dec. i, 1816. Justin Morgan, his grandfather came from Springfield, Mass., with his family, and settled at Randolph, Vt., and died there. He married Elizabeth Lee and reared a family of seven children, one son and six daughters. He introduced into the State the world wide famed Morgan breed of horses. Justin, his only son, and father of Harvey D. was born in Springfield, Mass. He married Sally Durkee, and died in Stockbridge. His wife died in Binghampton, N. Y., but was buried with her husband in Stockbridge. Their children were Justin, who died in Pittsburg, Penn., and Mrs. Walter Mahony, of Colum- bus, O., still living. History of Windsor County, Vt., page 794. 374 Windsor Ave., Hartford, Conn. Mr. Joseph Battell, Dear Sir : — Your letter was received and I think that I have found the line you are seeking. I can perhaps give you more of the Morgan line if needed, if I am correct as to the Springfield part. Please give names of Justin's children. I have a marriage to Martha Day and children. Yours truly, Alice M. Gay. 273 East State Street, Columbus, O., February 14, 1908. Joseph Battell, Esq., Dear Sir : — I regret to say that I know very little about my great-grand- mother Martha Day who married Justin Morgan in 1776, but in looking over the record I see that Justin Morgan's mother's maiden name was Thankful Day, so that there is a possibility that his wife, Martha Day, was his own cousin. That is, it seems possible that Martha Day was the daughter of a brother of Justin Morgan's mother. Where the Day family came from I do INTRODUCTION xiii not know. My son Walter B. Mahony, who is at present at home with us is interested in looking up the family history and when he gets back to New York, he may take up the investigation and render some assistance. His address when in New York is care of The University Club, 54th Street and 5th avenue. Have yoii ever asked John Pierpont Morgan for any help on the ancestry of the Morgans or Days. He is descended from Nathaniel Morgan, who married Hannah Bird, June 19, 1691, and had eight children. John Pierpont Morgan's grandfather was brother to Isaac Morgan who married Thankful Day, that is, if my genealogical record is correct. You probably knew my uncle Charles Morgan who lived in Rochester, Vt. Another uncle was Harvey Morgan who was a merchant at Stockbridge, Vt. They left no heirs of their own name, but I have an Aunt (sister of my father) ; she might give you still further information. Her address is Mrs. Josiah B. Rogers, R. F. D., Binghamton, N. Y. Regretting that I cannot give you further information, I am. Yours respectfully, Ella J. Morgan Mahony. Copy of inscriptions on the Morgan tombstones in the Randolph Center Cemetery : In Memory of CALEB MORGAN, Who died September 9, 1810, In the 72nd year of his age. In Memory of JUSTIN MORGAN, Died March 22, A. D. 1798, In the 51st year of his age. In Memory of HEMAN MILLER, Who died August 18, 1799, Age 36. In Memory of MARTHA MORGAN, Wife of Justin Morgan, Died March 20, A. D,, 1791, About the 40th year of her age. xiv INTRODUCTION 374 Windsor Avenue, TVT T T, TVT-jji u 174- Hartford, Conn., April 13, 1908. Mr. Joseph Battell, Middlebury, Vt., ' j r o> y My Dear Sir : — I send tlie Day record and think that is just what you ^i^h. Yours very truly, ^^^^^ ^^ ^^^^ It is a tradition that the Day family came from Wales. Robert Day and his wife Mary, age 28, were passengers in the bark " Elizabeth," in which he took passage from Ipswich, England, to Boston in New England, April 1634; he was 30 years old at the time. He settled in Newtown, now Cambridge; his wife Mary probably died soon after. He was in Hartford as early as 1639. (He came with Rev. Mr. Hooker's party and his name is on the monument to first settlers). For his second wife, he married Editha Stebbins, of Hartford and had four children. Died 1648. Thomas Day, son of Robert, was the ancestor of the Springfield branch, he married Sarah, daughter of Lieut. Thomas Cooper, Oct. 27, 1659; and died Dec. 27, 1711. His widow died Nov. 21, 1726. Ebenezer, son of Thomas Day, bom Sept. 5, 1677, married Mercy Hitch- cock, April 18, 1700, and died Sept. i, 1763, aged 88. His wife died Sept. 29, 1 76 1, aged 80. They lived in West Springfield. Luke, son of Ebenezer Day, born July 2, 1706, lived in West Springfield, married Jerusha Skinner of Windsor, Nov. 9, 1734, and died in 1791 or '92. Martha, daughter of Luke Day, born April 24, 1753, married Justin Morgan, Oct. 29, 1774. Taken from "Descendants of Robert Day," pub- lished 1848. A letter from Dr. Wilkenson, Claremont, N. H., says : " Old Mr. Goss and Rogers owned the old Morgan Horse together here one or two years. Rogers lived near the ferry. The horse was here about 1 8 16. He got Revenge while he was here. Revenge was owned by Albert Billings of Claremont when he died. " Princess [dam of Happy Medium] was nothing but a Morgan mare — a perfect pattern of a Morgan mare. "Morgan Empire was owned by John Leet of Claremont; 900 pounds; foaled 1853; got by Empire State : dam owned by Dr. Lemuel Richmond, of Derby Line, Vt., afterwards by John Leet, and got by Royal Morgan. " Empire State was bred in Wyoming county, N. Y., and kept some years at Roxbury, Mass. He was black, iioo pounds, handsome and fast; said to have combined the blood of Duroc and Messenger. His sire was called a thoroughbred. " There was a horse here called Traveler. " Gifford Morgan was here. A horse called Robin stood here in Clare- mont. Morgan tended a bright bay Morgan horse with white ankles ; a clean, very handsome horse ; I think he called him Robin. " Morrison about 70 years old, still lives at the next town to Springfield, Vermont. INTRODUCTION xv " Revenge was a remarkably good horse. "Andrews had a chestnut stallion, looo pounds, nice, active horse. He went to Vermont. Albert Billings had him." Mr. Charles W. Bliss of Royalton, said : " There were two horses got by Woodbury, owned by Jonathan Marsh ; then there was the Babbitt Horse and the Putnam Horse that went out West. I think Mr. Putnam is still alive. He formerly kept the Locust Creek House. "The Durgee Horse came from Pennsylvania, 50 or 60 years ago. He was of no account, no speed, loose jointed and coarse built. A little French horse that Ben Hal brought from Canada was kept at Stratford. " The reputation of the old Justin Morgan was so thoroughly established and his stock so uniform that no one looked up the pedigree ; but Gen. Hibbard, who was very intelligent in pedigrees, said there was no question about his thorough English descent, and he said that his sire was owned by an English officer. It was more than fifty years ago that I heard him say this. Gen. Hibbard was extremely well acquainted with horsemen in Rhode Island, Connecticut, and Massachusetts, perhaps more than any other man in the State ; he was authority here on any matter relating to horses." A writer in the Spirit of the Times, Vol. XII., page 234, in an article headed " On the Morgan Horse Once More," says : " What is here shown confirms me in what I have always suspected, that we should at last find deeply buried in blood the root of this famous stock of Vermont stage and road horses — famous like the Messenger stock as great trotters." R. L. Allen of Buffalo in book entitled " Farm Homes," Vol. xiii., p. 4, says : " If we except the large mongrel Pennsylvania cart or wagon horse which possesses the greatest claims to a definite race, a breed, a distinct, a peculiar breed of horses, the best fitted for the general purposes of a farm, the horse of all work is not known in America. The New England States have till within a few years past produced a more valuable, serviceable race of horses than could have been shown from an equal territory in any other portion of the country. We have seen in late years how they have been surpassed by the southern portion of New York, and especially Long Island and New Jersey, in the greater number of superior roadsters, the natural result of a continued and through system of breeding choice mares to the best formed and most substantial imported blood stallions. New England has in former times possessed some horses of unmatched qualities. Among many so dis- tinguished preeminently stood, longo i?iterva/lo, the famed Morgan horse of Vermont, and his more ancient compeer the imported Barb Ranger, or, as he was subsequently called Lindsey's Arabian." Charles Morgan, Esq., of Rochester, Vt., is a son of Justin Morgan, Jr., late of Stockbridge, Vt., who was the only son of Justin Morgan, who brought xvi INTRODUCTION the original horse of that name to Randolph. Mr. Morgan, who is a gentle- man of large means and an extensive dealer in wool and hops, both in this region and the West, has been the owner of several excellent descendants of his grandfather's famous horse, and wants no other roadster blood. In a recent conversation, he said : " I have often heard my father say that the Morgan horse was first so- called on June Training day of his second season of stud service, when he was five years old. He did not have much patronage the first year. All stock horses were out for show at June Training ; other owners laughed at Morgan's, " Duckleg," as they called him, until Mr. Morgan finally offered to bet that his horse could out-run, out-trot, out-walk, or out-draw any other stock horse present. The bet was taken and they chose running, not thinking that the short legged horse could run. They went out on the road toward East Randolph, and ran into the village of Randolph Center, to a mark near the Meeting-house. Morgan rode his horse far in advance of ihe rest, and the crowd cheered and shouted. " Hurrah for the Morgan Horse ! " Morgan offered to let his opponents try any of the other tests (trotting, walking, or drawing) , but they declined. The horse was always afterwards known as the Morgan Horse ; he became popular and had plenty of patronage after that exhibition." Mr. Morgan is very positive that his grandfather never had but one stock horse after coming to Vermont : says he never heard his father mention but one, or suggest any other, and if there had been two, Mr. Morgan thinks his father would have known and spoken of the fact. He also says that his grandfather's means were so slender, that it would be very improbable that he owned two stallions in the short time that he lived in Vermont. Ira Brainard of St. Johnsbury, said : " I remember the old Morgan horse, knew him well ; have seen him hun- dreds of times. Gibb had him some of the time at St. Johnsbury, Danville, Lyndon, and so around \ had a troop of a hundred, also all Morgan colts ; the best lot of horses you will see, from twelve to twenty. The most trappy horses I ever saw. Never such a breed of horses came into a county as this was. I know he was kept around in these different towns. Sherman looked well, the old horse not so handsome a horse ; he was well-built and trappy, and his colts would paw the ground. I am eighty-four, was six or ten when I knew the old horse. They called his blood, first-rate. The trappiest horse I ever saw, and also his colts which were bred after him." Mr. Goss of St. Johnsbury, said : "The old Dutch Morgan died before I remember. I have heard grandfather talk about him ; bought him down at Randolph." Mr. Davis of Barnard Pond in interview, said : " I never saw the Justin Morgan, but was well acquainted with Mr. Shepard of Montpelier, who said that he at one time owned the old Justin Morgan ; that he used him for all kinds of work ; that he could take him out of the team and run him against any horse they could bring on and beat INTRODUCTION xvii every time. Mr. Shepard said he traded for this horse. Mr. Shepard was a truthful man and I supposed it was as he said. " In my earliest recollections about horses it was claimed that the original Justin Morgan was Arabian ; he was also claimed to be of other blood, and there was quite a controversy about it ; my recollection is that Mr. Shepard said that he traded for Justin Morgan : that he did not keep him more than a year or a year and a half, and that he bred him to some mares. I used to take a good many horses down the river to Hartford and Springfield. Used to see a good many Sherman colts. They did not much resemble Woodbury or Bulrush stock. They were taller, more brown and bay, not so bright a bay, and not a great amount of chestnuts. His colts were longer-legged and higher- shouldered than those of either of the others. Magic (2 :2554^), by Jim Fisk, son of Benedict Morrill, dam by the Wood Horse, sire of the Windsor Horse, by Green Morgan Morgan; Royal John (2 :26^), by Wood- stock, son of Young Morrill, dam by Putnam Morgan, son of Woodbury, and Cassius Prince (2 129), by Ballard's Cassius M. Clay, dam by Harlow Horse, son of Morgan Tally-ho, by Woodbury, were bred in this town ; Magic being bred by the town of Barnard, and Cassius Prince by Alvin Wood." At the close of a remarkable article upon the original Morgan horse written by Allen W. Thomson of Woodstock, Vt., for the Breeder and Sports- man, San Francisco, Mr. Thomson says : " In considering the qualities of the little horse, Justin Morgan, one is astonished to find what a great horse he was. Taken to the mountainous and new State of Vermont, he endured hardships and privations through his life that would have used up and killed many a horse, yet he lived to the great age of over thirty years, and then his death was caused by a kick from another horse. " This shows what a constitution he had, and, too, what good feet and limbs, as he was sound at the time of his death. Had he had the care that he should have had, and that he was deserving of, we can think how long he might have lasted. Without training he was able to beat in his races the best horses they could bring against him. " It is claimed by some that this does not show that he was much of a racer, as his races were quarter races. John Randolph said : ' Show me a quarter horse and I will show you a four-mile racer.' " In his drawing matches it is stated he never was beaten. This shows what a powerful muscular horse he was. In considering him as a prepotent sire, and where many a good horse in other respects has failed, it can be asked what horse has left such a mark, such an impression on the horses of New England and the West as has the little horse Justin Morgan? His blood courses in the veins of some of the great trotters, more than he has credit for. " At the time he was taken to Vermont, the papers were full of the advertisements of horses that were claimed to be full-blooded horses. The following are extracts from some of the advertisements : xviii INTR OD UCTION " Junius, dark bay, sixteen hands, got by Lath, dam by Wildair. Kept in Vermont the season of 1792. " Regulus is well blooded, brown, fifteen and a half hands, nine years old, got by Wilkes, grandsire Selim, that at Philadelphia in 1792 won ;^iooo against True Briton : dam Nettie, imported from Europe. Kept at Norwich, Vt., the season of 1792, " The full-blooded horse, Hyder Ally, eight years old, sixteen hands. At Randolph, Vt., the season of 1794. " Herold, got by the Russian horse, that was by imported Wildait Advertised at Randolph, Vt., in 1796. " Sprightly Cat, dark chestnut, sixteen hands. Bred in Virginia, got by Col. Vernon : dam the imported mare Harmony. Ten dollars the season. Kept in Virginia at twenty-seven the season. Advertised near Randolph in 1798. "The full-blooded horse Marquis, got by the imported horse Marquis : dam a full-blooded mare. Advertised at Randolph in 1806. " We know nothing in regard to these horses now, or the Natal Horse, Old Hero, or the famous Bulrock, except by their advertisements. The Justin Morgan is known by his descendants. Mr. Wallace says : ' The Justin ]\Ior- gan was certainly one of the most remarkable horses of any period,' and he says he shall esteem the Morgan blood none the less if the original came from a Dutch horse, and he rather argues that it was so. " If a Dutch horse can beget such a horse as was the Justin Morgan, the English blood horse is of no account, and all of Mr. \\'allace's labors and teachings have been in vain. But every one knows that blood will tell, and the remarkable horse Justin Morgan inherited the best of blood, as his owner's son said, to have been the wonderful horse that he was." Deacon Nathan S. Benham of Derby Center, an old man of most exemplary character and remarkable memory, now eighty-six years old, said : " Mr. Nathan Nye, who moved from Randolph to Derby where he died between seventy and eighty years old, I think over forty years ago, gave me repeatedly the history of the original Morgan horse. He said this horse was brought to Randolph from Hartford, Conn., by Justin Morgan, who used him for different work and in the stud ; that he could out-draw, out-run, out- walk or out- trot any horse that could be found, and did do it repeatedly on bets. Mr. Benham thought this horse was imported in the Revolutionary War by a French officer and was captured or in some way came into the hands of Mr. Morgan. After Mr. Morgan brought him to Randolph he was sold and went up to Burlington or Essex, where, his colts proving very good, parties went there and bought him back. Nye said he was brought up from Hartford ; he was sold to Burlington or near Burlington and bought back. He went towards Burlington that I know ; they found this stock so good they got him back — that's what he told me. A French officer brought him over in time of the Revolution ; one of the officers, don't know how Morgan got him." INTR OD UCTION XIX To the question, how did Mr. Nye know about it? " He knew it from himself, an eye witness, hved at Randolph at time Morgan had horse, and knew about it." In this story, though confused by time and passage the history of Beauti- ful Bay, the sire of Justin Morgan is apparent ; owned and imported by an officer in the Revolution ; and with a French name DeLancy. Mr. Daniel Avery of Pittsfield, Vt., ninety-two years old said : " I saw the original Morgan horse, I think at Randolph, when he was about seventeen or eighteen years old. He was a mahogany bay, leaning towards the brown ; a low horse, not more than 14^ hands. The dam of Green Mountain Morgan was a dark colored mare, rather rangy of the two owned by Daniel Gay. " There were two horses at Rutland — a bay and a gray — kept at Rutland two seasons, that belonged to Van Rantz, who was there himself with them. I think Van Rantz called one of them a Messenger. I was about twenty-two at the time. The gray horse was the more slender and leggy of the two. Dave Long had Magnum Bonum at Rutland — a good looking horse." Mrs. Graves of St. Johnsbury Center, seventy-five years old and as well appearing woman as one often sees said : " My mother used to ride the old Morgan Horse. She was Mr. A. Shorey's daughter. I think my father's horse (the Hawkins Horse), was sold to Canada about 1820." Mr. Goss, who lives on the old Goss place, said : " I have often heard grandfather talk about the old Morgan Horse. The horse was kept here in this barn. The house and barn are just the same as when he was brought here." Mr. Yurann of West Randolph, eighty-seven years old, in an interview, in the Middlcbury Register, Nov. 25, 1887, said : " I saw the old Morgan horse at Tunbridge. The IMorgan blood was the best blood in the world. The Black Hawks were a fancy breed of horses. Goss owned the old Morgan at Tunbridge. I think his given name was Aaron. There were four families of them. The old Morgan was a dark bay, square as a brick — right in every way under heaven and he would go like lightning. Oh, he was an awfully good horse ; such a horse as that was would now be worth more than ^1000. Flat leg, awful leg; cord as big — a good foot ; all right every way ; black mane and tail ; eyes stuck out of his head so that you could hang your hat on them ; mane three feet long ; mane and tail hung clear to the ground ; 1000 pounds ; he was solid ; 15 hands or a little less ; fair height. I wasn't more than seven or eight years old. Goss kept him two or three years before he knew what he was ; then kept him at service eight years I think. Mr. Perrin of Royalton has some old papers." Judge Lynde of Williarastown said : " The first Morgan horse owned there was a Bulrush from Chelsea, owned by Mr. Densmore — a low, dark bay horse, 14^ hands 950 pounds, XX INTR OD UCTION and a smart trotter. He was here a number of years. The Kasson or Carson Horse, also called Old Soldier, was owned at one time about 1820 at Randolph and also kept at Williamstown. He was a gray, 15^ hands and 1200 pounds." Mr. Lyman Clark of Marshfield, eighty years old, said : " I saw old Sherman ; recollect just how he looked a trifle too long. A lowish, handsome horse, strong limb, seemed as though he was a dark chest- nut, good neck well put on, good solid-made horse. I knew Goss who had the original Morgan \ he said that a man in Randolph took him on debt when a colt ; that he was a chunked kind of a colt. After he had been here a while he began to be noted ; a pretty powerful, thick-set horse. He went by the name of the man that took him for the note. There was from him the Sherman, Densmore and Bulrush and one more stallion with a white face that was sold and went to Boston — went into a truck team or something. Some men went down for him but couldn't find him. " A man from Ohio told me that there wasn't but two counties in Ohio where they did not have a Morgan stallion. A great many people came to Danville for Morgan horses in 1830 and 1835." Mr. Asa Spencer of Marshfield, said : " There was a stallion here called Silver Gray, built like the Morgans, and I think he was a Morgan, as beautiful a horse as I ever saw. He was kept mostly at Montpelier and Calais about 1830. A Mr. Wheelock brought him here from New Hampshire, I think ; at any rate, from the East. He was a nice traveler, about 15 hands, was here a number of years. The Morgans had the most durability of any horses we have ever had. When I was a boy it was said they were the best blood horses we had." An article m the Turf, Field and Farm, entitled a " Few facts in regard to the Morgans," says : " It was found that the surefooted, rapid and easy going Morgans were just the horses wanted. Their handsome forms and high spirits, kind and affectionate disposition and intelligent nature endeard them to their owners. The holidays then, and as late as 1845, were the big trainings. Here the Morgans showed at the best advantage. Their beauty, style, fine action and great courage, made them the favorite saddle horses of the commanding officers." The following extract is from the Massachusetts Agricultural Report, 1849, page 224: " The old Justin Morgan horse is spoken of as partaking largely of English blood, particularly a breed called Wildair. The writer, T. G. Hunt- ington of Hampshire County, adds : ' What peculiar combination of qualities it was that enabled the original of their breed to stamp his own character so strongly on his progeny it is impossible to tell.' That occasionally animals appear among all descriptions of stock, possessing this quality to a remarkable degree we cannot doubt. It will be recollected that it was the famous bull Hubbock that laid the foundation for that splendid series of improvements INTRODUCTION xxi which has resulted in the unrivalled symmetry of form, size and aptitude to fatten which characterize the present race of short horn Durhams. It is the part of wisdom in us whenever this power appears, connected with other desirable qualities, to cultivate it with assiduity and care." An old retired horse breeder, who had great experience with horse breeding, maintains that the Morgan blood properly mingled, made the best medium weight general purpose horse he ever knew. In a contribution to the Horse World, he says : " Having bred the best trotters, I never got as good results as when I mingled the hot blood of True Briton (Justin Morgan) with Hambletonian, as sires. This nick gives style, spirit, courage, disposition and always speed. I am retired and look back in retrospection in interest, sympathy, etc., when I observe inexperienced breeders looking for general financial results (and that's all there is to the problem), reahzing ' lunk heads ' as a dividend. A smart ( ?) young breeder seeking extreme speed forgets that the Creator long ago determined that the swallow, for flight, had no rival in the turkey buzzard. So let him reflect that Maud S., Lou Dillon, Nancy Hanks, etc., overcame distances without * pounding ' out vitality in combating the resistance of the elements, with 865 to 950 pounds, season after season, while the 1050-pound fellows soon got out of business. With a IMorgan dam you will surely get, if not extreme speed, your stud fee and your money back. As for high action without knee knocking, show me the Morgan's superior. Justin Morgan had the variety of hot blood infusion that produced the best when crossed as indicated." JOSHUA SCOTT ON MORGAN HORSES. West Bridport, Jan. 28, 1886. Editor Register : — I have been looking over some old papers in settling an estate and came onto a paper on Morgans, written by Mr. Scott, for- merly of Vergennes, where he was a blacksmith. He had a keen eye for a horse, especially for Morgans. No man dare dispute Uncle Josh's judgement on a good horse, for it was law with those who knew him. Yours truly, E. H. Merrill. " Being a person not in the habit of writing upon any subject to be published for the public, I feel incompetent to write anything that will be interesting ; but thinking it may be the means of bringing out others more capable and better informed than myself on the horses, I will endeavor to write what information I possess in regard to them. " I have always thought much of the Morgan horses since I first saw the old Justin Morgan at Williamstown, this State, in 1806. I have seen him run and trot at different times, and consider him. to be the most muscular horse of his inches I ever saw. " Then the Sherman, Woodbury and Bulrush came on the stage of action, and one more, I think, the Revenge, making four got by the old Justin. From that time to the present I have taken great pains to examine the stock xxii INTRODUCTION and to obtain what information I could of tlieir pedigrees, having had a good opportunity of doing so, as I have kept the old Gifford and two others of the same blood, at different times within twenty- six years. " The old Gifford, Putnam, Hibbard, Chief, Emperor, Walker and many others, too numerous to mention, and most of the Woodbury Morgans — all descended from those that I have mentioned. The Green Moimtain, by Gifford and dam by Woodbury ; the Hackett, by Gifford and dam by Wood- bury ; the Chief, bred by Peter Burbank of Newbury, from the old Woodbury, and dam by Justin ; I suppose the line through the Gifford, Putnam, Hackett and Green Mountain to be all the same family. The Flying Morgan, Wheeler and Hunter, all descendants from the old Woodbtiry ; Judge Bennett's of Burlington, and Whitcomb's from Putnam. " People must judge for themselves of the purest blood. There are some got by the Gifford and dams from the old Sherman ; others from the Hackett and dams from the Green Mountain and Woodbury ; others from Green Mountain and dam from Hackett ; bred in as close as possible, but when they are crossed it is seldom that you find them weighing over 950 to 1050 pounds, but you will find them the same model of the old stock and others. " I will mention some of the old stock of Shermans : The Batchelder, Sherman, Crane, Rockingham, Comet, Weston ; there was the Morgan Tiger, and Black Hawk, the old Sherman's last colts. " I think as a general custom of breeding in, there is the purest bloody in the Woodbury and Sherman ; both are the same model and color, only the Sherman the darkest chestnut and Woodbury about one hundred pounds the heavier horse. " The Morgan horses have been kept sixty-one years and are spread all over the universe. The State of Vermont has the credit of sustaining the present blood and reputation of the Morgan horses longer than any other ever known. *' As for information in regard to raising and feeding colts, I must leave for others, for I never raised only the one I now own. One word more ; keep the colts well through the winter that they may take an early start in the spring ; then they will not lose a summer's growth when yearlings. Vergennes, Sept. 8, 1856. Joshua Scott." THE MORGAN HORSE. From The New York Spirit of the Times : In this paper of the 30th of October we re-published from the Albany Cidtivator oi October 25, 1841 a letter from George Barnard, Esq., of Sher- brooke, Lower Canada, giving his impressions of the " Origin of the Morgan Breed of Horses," supported by the affidavit of Messrs. John Stearns and other gentlemen of St. Johnsbury, Vt. The following letter from ]Mr. Barnard will be read with great interest by those who have ever had the satisfaction of drawing rein over a Morgan horse. INTRODUCTION xxiii The characteristics of the breed of which we have had the pleasure of an acquaintance since we first sported a jacket and trousers, are seen from the following description of one we have frequently backed and driven. He was a deep blood bay, with no other white than a star, about 1 5 hands and an inch high ; his light, clean limbs and small flinty hoofs would compare with those of many "terribly high-bred cattle " ; his head was light and well modeled, with superb eyes and small tapering ears, both set wide apart, denoting high courage and " the least taste in life," of gentle blood ; his fine muscle, and thin expansive nostril should be noticed ; .he was especially roomy between the jowls, with a large throttle, affording free play to his respiratory organs ; one of his finest points was his chest, which was deep and capacious as if modeled on that of Eclipse ; his broad oblique shoulders, too, rising high on the withers, with the blades inclining well back in the way, were calculated to give him that fine spirited action of his fore-legs, which has been so much marked ; a jMorgan strikes out boldly with his fore-feet, and never stumbles or shuffles. His barrel was of moderate length, but his long, broad ribs extend back almost to his stifle, like the engravings of the King's Plate horses of the last century ; like them, too, his back inclined to roach with no more tuck in the-flank, or cutting up in the waist, than Sharke or Gimcrack ; he had great width between the whirlbones, or point of the hips, with arched lines, of singu- lar strength, muscular thighs and gaskins and broad flat hocks. In fact, without any remarkable display of muscle, or strength, his wiry, hardy form was so perfectly proportioned, and his propulsive powers so well placed and balanced, that he could sustain with unflinching spirit the most extraordinary task imposed upon him, and it is notorious that he has ended journeys in fine plight, after fatigues under which horses of less stamina and thorough game have sunk exhausted. The Morgan horse does not take on fat ; turn him out for a season to grass, or grain him highly in the stable, or keep him well and work him hard, and no dil^erence is perceptible in him ; he always looks, and is, in condition. He is too lean and light to make a showy city carriage horse, but in a week's journey would improve while the heavy lumbering city coach horse in "modern instances" would melt away, and be utterly knocked up : the Morgan horse has not an ounce of superfluous flesh on him at any time, while the pampered, fat, clumsy brutes that drag their weary lengths along over the pavements before a heavy city carriage can no more match him in action, style or spirit than a pair of " excessively fat Berkshires." But to the letter : " To the Editor of the Spirit of the Times : "Permit me to return thanks for the insertion of some of my communica- tions made to the Cultivator ; and for the regard evinced for ascertaining the origin of one of the most useful races of the " noble animal " extant. A second article, mailed postpaid for the Cultivator in October, being unmen- tioned in either of the subsequent numbers, I subjoin the same, requesting the Cultivator to copy from your columns if thought fit. Here it is : "In my former communications I have perhaps expressed myself too xxiv INTRODUCTION confidently in saying that I believed the original horse was of Canadian origin ; I should have said, may have been ; the purpose being to establish truth more than to promulgate private opinion. " I have recently had sufficient acquaintance with a Morgan stallion endued with all the peculiarities of the breed to make me wish to forbear a decided opinion until other evidence is adduced. The affidavit which I furnished is only very strong, not indisputable testimony, that the original horse was of Norman-French descent, and procured in Montreal. "The horse which has been with me of late is one of those called, from being in-bred, a full-blooded Morgan ; a term of questionable admissibility, for a descendant cannot inherit full blood from a single progenitor. "All accounts agree that one Justin Morgan of Randolph, Yt., owned the sire of this breed when four years old and from him the name was derived. " In the Canadian breed a great variety of races exist ; all more or less impressed with a certain general character, the broad, courageous forehead and ears set low or wide apart, thick neck, high crest, general stoutness of the frame, full, broad and firm shoulders with a round or fleshy croup ; the low set muscles and large tendons with tough little feet seldom diseased — are distinguishing marks of the French Canadian horse. The shagginess is much owing to the severity of climate and usage, and must disappear under good treatment long before the peculiar excellencies in the race will be diminished. " The Morgan horse does not fully partake of all these marks. The clear, deep -toned bay color, too, prevails in the Morgans, but is compartively rare among the Canadian horses ; and, unless characteristic of the original race for a great length of time, it can hardly be supposed this color would so generally occur in the Morgan horses to the present day. Peculiarities produced by a single cross are apt to wear away in a few generations, unless maintained by careful selections. It appears, too, from the regular descent of color and other qualities that the horse was one of pure stock ; that is, not cross bred, for in that case there would have been a greater variety in the progeny. " The races differ in action or mode of traveling. A Morgan glides away eight or nine miles an hour, with an easy and eager movement, as if his legs felt best when so employed. The Canadian moves by main strength, every stride resulting from a purposed exertion. " In endurance of the feet the Canadian has the advantage ; founder and some other diseases being almost unknown among them. Some Canadian horses possess, under a mass of shaggy hair, dry, sinewy legs on which the severest service never raises a windgall. The Morgans, tough, destitute of long hair, have this excellent conformation in a high degree. "The Morgan has the best wind ; the Canadian, for the most part putting forth his energies only for a short time, and then taking a leisurely gait, as if a slight sense of fatigue overbalanced the alacrity of his nervous system. Yet there are splendid exceptions — that will do eighty or ninety miles in a day, with no light weight behind them. "The head of the Canadian horse is broader at the upper part than that INTRODUCTION xxv of the other, and the ears are more apt to be on the side of the head \ each has that unfaihng mark of excellence, great breadth between the eyes. The Morgan has the best open nostril for wind and bottom like that of the race horse ; and the muzzle, eye and ear, legs and croup, indicate more breeding, or a longer period of cultivation. The neck and the thick wavy tail of the Morgan shows very much of the character of most races of the Canadian. " The breeder finds an important difference ; the Morgan in a cross inclines to retain its moderate size and other peculiar characteristics in the offspring. The Canadian increases the size of the progeny, lengthens the time of its growth, and frequently assimilates so that the blood can only be recognized by a practiced observer in the development and robustness of form, and the courage, spirit and aptness to drive which commonly go for constiutional health. " Whether the Morgan can be a scion of the Canadian stock, or derived from a Dutch or some other breed now extinct, is an important question to those who would select stock to improve road horses ; and whoever can give any information on this point may gratify a large portion of your readers. If the French did not supply the Morgan, many would be glad to learn what other breed has existed in America of such excellent qualities for common business as dinstinguished both these." LETTER FROM CHAUNCEY SMITH. The following excellent legal article in regard to the o^^^lership of the original Morgan horse was written by Chauncey Smith, Boston, Mass., deceased, born in Waitsfield, Vt., January, 1819, educated at the University of Vermont, and afterward for many years one of the best known and ablest lawyers of Massachusetts, with his home at Cambridge. We are informed that, during the controversy connected with the telephone, Mr. Smith was paid by the Bell Telephone Co., for his services a single fee of ^100,000. Mr. Smith says : " So far as we know the first time the word Morgan ever occurred in print in connection with the word horse, was in the following advertisement in 1 807 in the Randolph Weekly Wanderer : '"The Morgan Horse will stand for covering this season at the stable of John Goss at Randolph.' " It is remarkable, if not necessary, to conclude from this advertisement that the horse which was the subject of it had become known in Randolph and the surrounding country as the Morgan Horse, and the inquiry at once occurs, why he had been so-called. Even if the name was applied to the horse for the first time the owner evidently assumed that it would be known from the name Morgan, alone, what horse was offered for the services of the public. He apparently did not think it necessary to say more of the horse than that he was the Morgan Horse. How then did the name Morgan, either then or prior thereto, come to be applied to that particular horse. The word xxvi INTRODUCTION does not of itself apply to or suggest any quality or characteristic of a horse. It might possibly have been applied to the horse by chance, accident, or caprice, but there is not a shadow of evidence that such was the case ; or it might have been because it was associated with the history of the horse. The word might be the name of a man or place with whom or which the , horse had been associated, and if so it is much more reasonable to assume that the v/ord was applied to the horse because of such association rather than by chance, accident, or caprice. "The inquiry then arises whether there was or had been any man or place so associated with the horse that his or its name could properly be transferred to the horse himself. There is a town in Vermont having then (1807) and now the name Morgan, distant from Randolph about seventy- five miles. But there is not the slightest reason to believe that this horse had ever been in that town. In Thompson's Gazetteer it is stated that the settlement of the town was commenced about 1800, and that in 1840 it had 86 horses and a population of 422. Its first church was organized in 1823 with seven members. It is altogether probable that in such a town as this must have been prior to 1807, no stallion three years old had ever been seen. " On the other hand there is contemporaneous documentary evidence of the fact that one Justin Morgan lived in Randolph, from 1789 and onwards. The records of the town show that he was elected lister in 1789, and town clerk in 1790, '91 and '92. The records of the town also show that he was taxed in the town from 1789 to 1794 inclusive. He died March 22, 1798 and the Probate records show that the property he left was appraised at $160.13. The question now is did this Justin Morgan have while he lived a horse to which in the same Randolph his name might have been applied in 1807. "Now the most conclusive evidence that, prior to his death, Justin Morgan did have in his possession a horse to which his name might properly be given, is found in the advertisement contained in the Vermont Journal published in the years 1793 ^^^^ '94 respectively, and in the Rutland Herald in 1795. Windsor was the town nearest to Randolph in which a newspaper was published in 1793 and '94, and Rutland was the town nearest to Wilhston in which a newspaper was published 1795. "Your book developes other reasons drawn from the tax lists of Justin Morgan to justify the conclusion that he owned a stallion in Randolph in 1793 ^^d '94 to which I do not refer, because the advertisements alone are conclusive evidence that in the years named he possessed a horse the services of which he offered to the public. They conclusively establish the fact which justifies the application of the name Morgan to the horse advertised in 1807, if that horse is in fact the same horse which Morgan himself advertised a dozen years before. If the name was used in 1807 in the advertisement because, as the advertisment seems to imply, it had already been adopted by the public, it is impossible to assign any reason for such adoption unless it INTRODUCTION xxvii is true that both the earlier and the later advertisements relate to the same animal. It is difficult to conceive that the public could have been led to believe that the horse presented for its patronage in 1807 was the same as that for which its patronage was solicited in 1793 and '94 unless that was the fact. "The fact that in 1792 a horse was advertised in Hartford, Conn., as ' Figure a beautiful bay horse about 15 hands' with the advertisements above quoted is important in another connection. There is not a trace of that horse in Connecticut after 1792. In 1 793-94-95, Justin Morgan advertised the 'famous Figure horse from Hartford Conn.', 'the beautiful horse Figure' of 'beauty, strength and activity,' which 'sprang from a curious horse owned by Col. DeLancey of New York.' Unless Justin Morgan imported two stallions of the same color and height and owned them at the same time, then the horse so advertised was the horse known as Justin Morgan and is descended from a thoroughbred sire. He was called Figure in Hartford in 1792, and so far as is known until the death of Justin Morgan in 1798. He next appears in the advertisement above quoted in 1807 as 'the Morgan Horse.' "Northern Vermont was a new country in 1792-95. Randolph had not then been organized ten years, and had less than 900 persons of all ages in 1 791. Williston had only been organized six years and had less than 500. In such sparse settlements every event that occurred would be known to everybody. One of such importance as the importation from another State of a valuable stallion would have been generally known, and a part of the history of the settlement in which the event occurred. " It often happens that the absence of evidence becomes very important. When a fact is in issue which must have been widely known if it had existed, the complete absence of contemporary evidence may be satisfactory to the mind and overcome a large amount of evidence of other kinds. The absence of all evidence that at the same time he was advertising 'Figure,' Justin Morgan owned another srallion of his color and height, imported by him from the same State, is inconsistent with the claim that such was the case. Because if the fact had been true it would have been known to the whole community. So, if the horse advertised as Figure in Hartford in 1792 had not been removed from Connecticut there would have been some proof of his subse- quent existence in that State. All the known facts and the absence of proof are consistent with the hypothesis that the horse Figure in Hartford in 1792 was imported by Justin Morgan to Randolph in 1793, and became known as the Morgan Horse, and cannot be reconciled with any other hypothesis. " To the mind of the Lawyer trained by experience in the application of the rules of evidence the pedigree of the Morgan Horse as given on pages 32 and iTy of your book is fully proved. It must be accepted until evidence of an equally high character is produced to break the chain and trace the origin of the horse to some other source. In this statement we exclude all evidence which rests only on memory, not because of the character of the witnesses, but because human experience shows that such evidence is un- xxviii INTRODUCTION reliable. Those who controvert the pedigree as given by you produce no evidence which is not of this uncertain character. The pedigree given in your book will therefore be accepted by all fair minded men uninfluenced by interest or prejudice as proved by the evidence and confirmed by the probability that the great family of the Morgan horse traces its lineage to the same illustrious ancestors as the thoroughbred, the greatest of the race which have existed within the historical period. "The practice has long been a common one to give to a horse the name of its owner even though he may have another name, and the reason of the practice may well be to call to mind by a single name both the horse and the individual with whom he has been associated. The application of the name of the owner of a horse to the horse himself may be due solely to the recognition in the community of the relation between the man and the horse. There is not the slightest evidence that at the time of the advertise- ment in the Randolph Wanderer in 1807 of the Morgan Horse any man had been known in Randolph or its vicinity, who had held such relations to a horse that his name could with propriety or in accordance with any known usage have been applied to the horse. To the people of Randolph and the surrounding country the name of the Morgan Horse could have had no meaning except that the horse advertised in the ^^'eekly Wanderer was the same horse owned and advertised several years before by Justin Morgan. The presence in the community of a horse described as the Morgan Horse would have provoked inquiry and comparison, and if the earlier and later advertisements had not related to the same horse the fact would have been immediately known and the new horse would never afterward have been known as the Morgan Horse, and no descendants of his would have been known as Bulrush Morgan, Sherman Morgan and Woodbury Morgan." INTR OD UCTION CLAY HORSES IN ONTARIO COUNTY. From ' Dunton's Spirit of the Turf,' May 4, 1893 : " Mr. Editor : — Henry Clay was a black stallion with right hind foot white and a large star, the shape of a half moon. He was 15^4^ hands high, foaled June, 1837, and died April, 1867 ; bred by Jacob S. Piatt, Long Island, N. Y. He was a very nervous, active horse, a very fast walker and one of the fastest trotting stallions of his day. When aged he became blind, and his neck broke over on the top and hung down, so that in his old days he could not be called a beauty, and many breeders here condemned him until they saw his wonderful trotting powers. Henry Clay, as the public knows was got by Andrew Jackson^ a very fast trotting stallion : he by the gray stallion Young Bashaw. The dam of Henry Clay was the noted trotting mare. Lady Surry, she being the fastest trotter of her day at two and three mile heats ; the dam of Andrew Jackson was a Canadian pacing mare. The old stud bill of Henry Clay read : The dam of Andrew Jackson was by the well bred horse Whynot, and Whynot, by the well known horse, old Messenger ; the grandam of Andrew Jackson was also by old Messenger. Andrew Jackson the sire of Henry Clay, got Long Island Black Hawk, the first horse to trot in 2 :4o to wagon. In Henry Clay's day we did not have trotting bred brood mares, but he got three in the 2 :3o list, one from them in 2 \2^. There were many stallions, sons of Henry Clay in Ontario County, but their dams were common farm mares. " Rushmore a black stallion, son of Henry Clay, was bred in this town, Farmington. When Rushmore was three years old, I think he was foaled in 1864, the writer went to buy him. The price was then $200, but I paid $200 the same day for a daughter of Henry Clay. I did not like the breeding of Rushmore on the dam's side, as she was a draft mare, and her son was rather coarse, but he was quite a trotter like all of the get of his sire and was a powerful strong horse. Rushmore was afterwards sold to the Jewett Farm for $2500. There was a pair of black stallions here got by Henry that were driven to the pole. They were owned by Jacob Bowers, who once had charge of Henry Clay. "This pair of stallions, owned by Jacob Bowers, were black, one with star and snip, the Clay mark, the other with no marks. They were about 1%% hands. The one without marks was called Moose, and he looked like one. He was the fruit of Henry Clay being bred to his own daughter. Moose was pot beUied, flat ribbed, short necked, steep rumped, coarse head and ear, hind legs like a sickle, crooked but sound, was never a well horse, but if ever there was a natural trotter foaled he was one of them. He could go like a bullet at pure trot, and it was worth a long journey to see Jake, as they called him drive them on the track and watch eight black legs going at lightning speed, the front legs and feet pawing the air. This perhaps was one fault of the get of old Henry. They had too much knee action for a low record. It is the low, long stride, the stealing gait, that gets over the mile first. I have seen many great trotters in my day, but I shall never forget Jacob Bowers and his black stallion sons of Henry Clay, as I stood in front of them when they were being driven one fourth of July on the Palmyra (N. Y.) track. I got excited and bred a pair of mares to them the next day. One of these mares was the grandam of Artimus B. that won five straight races in fifteen XXX • , INTRODUCTION days last September, and was bred by the writer. I have mentioned this pair of Clay stallions many times to my friends that saw them trot, when we have been talking about the Clays. The writer has seen all of the Clays mentioned in this article, and the person that belittles Henry Clay and his get has never seen them in action, or is prejudiced. One of this pair of Clay staUions, the one with star and snip, was bred by a man that was a hard master for the wonder he had hold of. He was starved, over driven and abused, but proved to be a trotting wonder for those days, with Uncle Jake's care. After he got them together he put them in shape to sell, and a Mr. Frank Fox purchased them for a long price and shipped them East. Moose died not long after, I believe. The other stallion was sent to Boston, and it was said he was one of the fastest road horses in that city. "Another stallion, son of old Henry from a thoroughbred dam, was Fashion Clay, black, with white face, but he did not have the speed. The thoroughbred crop does not always improve the speed, but seldom fails to improve the looks, and gives high finish, and it did in this case, as he was a perfect formed horse, and his get made good road and general purpose horses, and some of his get from good mares are fine lookers and very good roadsters, and the daughters make good brood mares. The writer had one. "There was a bay stallion here got by Henry Clay called Chrono- meter that was quite a fast trotter. He was from a very fine gray Messenger mare. He had four white legs and a bold, blaze face. Some of his colts were trotters. He went to Maryland and did a good business in the stud at a fee of $50. The last one of the sons of Henry Clay owned in this part of this county, died at Victor, N. Y., about hvo years ago. He was called Hank Clay, and was one of the largest of the get of his sire. He was a black with large star and snip, a chip of the old block, speed, temper and all. He was strong, with a powerful reach and back, and his colts are like him in this respect. They are good general purpose horses, and the daughters are very good brood mares, but as I have before mentioned, Henry Clay had but few good maves, and the dam of this stallion was a Draft mare ; but he was a powerful strong horse and had a Clay gait. " There was another pole team bred in this county, a matched pair of roan geldings, got by Henry Clay. They were fast trotters for their day, and were sold for $2000, to go to New York City. A village paper at the time said : ' Our citizens have often had occasion to notice a pair of fast-going roan horses of this village, Canandaigua, N. Y., owned by our banker, Mr. D. Hunger. They are half-brothers, both having been got by Henry Clay and both possessing, in an eminent degree, the distinguishing characteristics of that noble animal. They are four and five years old, named respectively, Henry Clay and General Grant. The former was bred by Joshua Phillips of Bristol and the latter by Hiram Crooks of Richmond. Their new owner, G. G. Reed, purchased them for the handsome sum of $2000. Mr. Munger owned another son of Henry Clay — a beautiful chestnut. He could out-trot the roans, and he sold him to a Rochester gentleman for $4500 and this was at a time when Clay blood was like saw dust in oats — the less the better, and none of these sons of old Henry had a trotting bred dam and they got their speed from their sire. " The sons of Henry Clay that were owned here had a level head and were honest trotters, but I have seen his daughters that would froth at the mouth and pull a man's arms off if he went far enough. They were full of the stuff that makes great horses, were about fifteen hands high, but all horse, and springy as a ball of rubber. Mr. George Holdridge, now of the Jewett Farm and one of the best horsemen ever in Ontario county, was an expert. INTRODUCTION xxxi He had a place for everything, and kept everything in its place. He had a bay daughter of Henry Clay from a Nimrod mare that was a terror. She was known as the Gardner Mason Mare, and was bred by a neighbor of mine, a gentleman of that name. He tried patiently a long time to make a trotter of her. She could almost fly on a trot when alone, but in company was worthless. When Holdridge went to Buffalo he tried to sell me this mare, and advised me to breed her to Gooding's Champion, but I then had a daughter of Henry that was from a Nimrod mare, that would trot all day at any kind of farm work and the next day too, but I used her with patience, and had no trouble. Both Henry Clay and Gooding's Champion had a temper, and I then thought, as I now do, that the Holdridge Mare was not the proper cross. She, I believe, ran away in Rochester, ran against a hitch- ing post, and was killed. " About a year ago Timothy W. Gooding, now deceased, gave me the breeding of his stallion, son of Gooding's Champion. He called him George. I will give it to the reader in his own words : ' The first dam of my horse was got by Henry Clay ; 2d dam by Henry Clay.' I know of four trotting trainers that have had this horse, but he is hot headed when he warms up, and in company worthless in a race \ he has speed but no brains, but I believe some of his colts show speed. From dull mares he may be a success, for he has plenty of nerve and action. Mr. Gooding sold some daughters of Gooding's Champion to Governor Stanford, and a few years since he took a trip to Palo Alto. Gooding's Champion took the first premium at the New York State Fair. He was a very handsome bay stallion, with a very heavy tail. His groom told me he took his blanket off one hundred and sixty times in one day. His box was full of people that wanted to see him. His son, St. James, had then won a ten thousand dollar purse at Buffalo, and another son. Castle Boy, 2 :2i, had fought some hard battles down through the Grand Circuit with Bodine, by Volunteer. It is claimed that the Champions do not breed on, but there is a very good reason for this. He was bred to nothing but common farm mares, most of them ; when he was bred to Tackey, by Pilot Jr., he got Major Lucas, 2 132, sire of Pilot Boy, 2 :20. " Another daughter of Henry Clay, was owned by Dr. Bennett. She was a black, with star and snip, low build. The Doctor was said to be the strong- est man in the village of Canadaigua, N. Y., where he lived. He was a good feeder and did his own driving, but took his man along to hold his horse when calling on his patients, but when the mare began to get warm and pull he had to call on his man to help hold her. If these daughters of Henry Clay could have been bred to Hambletonian, with his level head and pure trotting gait, we should now perhaps have more such horses as George Wilkes and Elec- tioneer. " Some writers claim Dexter was by Henry Clay, because he had a white face and four white legs. Dexter's grandam had the same marks, and Seeley's American Star, the sire of Dexter's first dam, had a white face and white hind legs. Hambletonian, the sire of Dexter, had two white hind pasterns, so I hardly believe we can prove Dexter's sire by his marks. Dexter was one of the greatest trotters ever foaled, and it was a sad mistake that he was not kept an entire horse. I will admit that the pictures of Dexter and Henry Clay resemble each other, but Johnathan Hawkins, his breeder, stood up and took his oath on the Great Book that Dexter was got by Hamble- tonian, and he also said that he never bred a mare to Henry Clay, but I have seen the latter disputed in print. " Another very good stallion that was bred near here is Grover Cleveland, by St. Arnaud, 2 :29, sire of Regina, 2 :i3, that has Clay blood in his veins xxxii INTRODUCTION and is a trotter sure, with a record of 2 :30, and with proper handling could now have had a mark of 2 :20. He is a powerful gaited speedy young stallion. His dam was by Stephen Style's Henry Clay, he by Chronometer, son of Henry Clay, and I believe the dam of Style's Clay was by another son. This horse is now owned at Penn Yan, N, Y., I believe, unless he has changed owners of late. " There are many other horses now here with Clay blood in their veins. Mr. Charles Gunnison of Farmington owns a very fine and perfect formed chestnut mare, with bald face, got by Oliver Warren's white stallion. Young Crittenden, son of John Jay Crittenden, son of the Benson Horse, by Black Hawk; and her dam was an inbred Clay mare. This chestnut mare is a beauty, with great endurance. He also owns a rangy black mare, got by St. Arnaud : dam by Ramsdell's Royal George. This is a good road mare, four years old, and he told the writer he would breed them both, and I advised him to use St. Regis, 2 -.2^, full brother to Regina, 2 :i3; his dam is Mabel L., by Victor, 2 :23. Mabel L., recently sold for ^11,000 to A. H. Moore of Philadelphia. " Another one that is a double and twisted Clay, is owned by Curtis Camp of Farmington ; is a very handsome bay mare with heavy mane and tail, three years old, got by Stephen W., son of Gooding's Champion ; the dam of this colt was by St. Lawrence Chief ; 2d dam by Fashion Clay, son of Henry Clay ; 3d dam by Kentucky Whip, thoroughbred. The sire of St. Lawrence Chief, was from a daughter of Henry Clay. The gran dam of Stephen W. was by Henry Clay ; all of these were once owned by the writer \ the dam of this three-year-old mare colt, that has four Clay crosses, I called Derby, on account of her running and jumping qualities. She can run like a deer, perhaps not quite as fast, and has reared up on her hind feet with a poke on her neck and cleared an high eight rail fence. These are facts, and were seen by the writer and his men. This is nerve ; was it the blood of Old Clay or the thoroughbred blood of Kentucky Whip or the combination? We now call this mare Darby, and I know of no other such mare. " Will Powers of Farmington, owns a chestnut colt, got by St. Lawrence Chief : dam Bennett Mare, by Honest Royal George, 2 145 ; 2d dam Lee Mare, by Hambletonian ; these mares were wonders on the road. The Powers' colt was bred by the writer and can go along some. He is a double Royal George with a Clay Hambletonian cross. Jerry Reynolds of Farm- ington, owns a chestnut mare, very handsome, bald face, that is a stylish driver and great roadster; her breeding tells all. She was o\\Tied by the writer and got by Billy Norton, by Honest George, and her dam was got by Gardner Sheldon's Royal George. The dam of Billy Norton was the George Holdridge Mare, by Henry Clay. Sheldon's Royal George, by Honest George : dam by Welcome C. Ross' horse, son of Henry Clay ; 2d dam of Reynold's mare was a Champion mare bred in Cayuga County, N. Y. I bred a fine colt from this Reynold's mare, got by Stephen W. Gooding's Champion, that was a fast trotter, and he was bred for one. " There are many other horses in this part of the Country with Clay blood in their veins, and when bred right they, the Clays, make lively rapid walking and enduring farm horses. In my last letter I mentioned a pair of handsome blocky built, bay mares, got by the bay Champion stallion Charley B., 2 :25, owned by Stephen J. Smith of Farmington, that was with foal by the hand- some bay stallion Stephen W., by Gooding's Champion. They have since foaled a handsome pair of bay horse colts, without a white mark, as these mares are from Morgan dams ; these colts are fairly well bred, and should be valuable as a matched pair if all goes well. INTRODUCTION xxxiii " A very few of our most noted breeders advocate nmning blood in the trotter. Reader, do you think Arion would have sold for what he did, ^125,000, if he had been a half bred horse? I think not. Breed Arion to a mare that is as well bred as he is, and we then have what is called a thoroughbred trotting bred trotter, and it will not be unreasonable to think we can soon have a colt ivith fifty or even one hundred trotting crosses. We have only just commenced to accomplish what will be done in breeding that most useful animal, the great American trotter ; the horse that can do any- thing and everything that can be done with any horse, for a general purpose horse, a gentleman's driving horse, an agricultural horse, a turf horse, a saddle horse. Our best bred trotters will find a ready market at paying prices, but one must make change, and select the stallion that has size, speed, beauty and breeding combined. They are to be found, and at fair prices for their services. It is the best thing that ever happened to the American people that the price of our trotting bred horses has got down to about their real value. They have been too high, now at the prices the man of moderate means can have his turnout and after working hours can enjoy a spin, behind a trotter as well as the banker or millionaire, and the breeders will make better selections and we shall soon have more of these horses for service. I believe that blood will tell, and it always crops out in timCo I also beheve in the standard, but we must breed from the best of the standards. No man has yet lived so long that he cannot learn more about the great breeding problem. ^Vhat we now want is breeders that are not prejudiced. Breed from either of the great trotting families, do not think your own horses are all pure gold and your neighbors are nothing but lead and dross. I have read most of the turf journals and it is interesting to read the different opinions of their corre- spondents ; perhaps it is right that they do not all think alike, but I think life is too short to experiment. Breed to the best of all the great families and then as sure as the sun rises in the East, we shall have the two minute trotter and the pacer a little betten " Another mare with Clay blood, that I forgot to mention, is owned by Ed. Smith of Farmington. Brown Nelly, bred by the writer, brown mare 15)^ hands, star, foaled March 1S74, is due to foal -by Clarkson, Aldrich's Morgan Champion mentioned in my last letter. She was got by Royal George Jr., by Norton's Royal George, 2 145. As he won every race he started in, in slow time, it is reasonable to suppose if he had been crowded in a race he could now have had a record better than 2 130. The dam of Royal George J«r., was got by Henry Clay : the dam of brown Nelly was got by Wadsworth's, of Palmyra, No Y., Andrew Jackson, son of old Andrew Jackson. This was the sire of Henry Clay; the grandam of Artemus B., 2 :27^, was bred by the writer ; 2d dam gray mare by Brundages' Black Hawk. Brown Nelly is the dam of some good colts that are good roadsters, and like most of the Clays she has plenty of natural life and courage. Truly, ^ W. S." xxxiv INTRODUCTION SHARED, SAID it in the meadow-path. I say it on the mountain stairs, — The best things any mortal hath Are those which every mortal shares. The air we breathe, the sky, the breeze, The light without us and within, Life with its unlocked treasuries, God's riches are for all to win. The grass is softer to my tread For rest it yields unnumbered feet ; Sweeter to m'e the wild rose red Because she makes the whole world sweet. Into your heavenly loneliness. Ye welcomed me, O solemn peaks ! And -me in every guest you bless Who reverently your mystery seeks. And up the radiant peopled way That opens into worlds unknown, It will be life's delight to say, " Heaven is not heaven for me alone." Rich by my brethren's poverty? Such wealth were hideous ! I am blest Only in wh'at they share with me, In what I share with all the rest. — Lucx Larcotn. > a- Ui THE HORSES OF AMERICA. NEW YORK, Lo freedom comes, th' prescient muse foretold, All eyes th' accomplish'd prophecy behold : Her port describ'd, " She moves divinely fair, Olive and laurel bind her golden hair." She, the bright progeny of Heaven, descends. And every grace her sovereign step attends ; For now kind Heaven indulgent to our prayer. In smiling peace resolves the din of war. Fix'd in Columbia her illustrious line. And bids in thee her future councils shine. To every realm her portals open'd v/ide, Receives from each the full commercial tide. — Phillis Wheatky. HENRY HUDSON sailed from Amsterdam in 1609, crossed the Atlantic, entered the harbor of New York, and discovered the noble river which now bears his name. Returning to Holland, his glowing accounts of the new country caused much excitement, and, in 1610, a vessel was sent thither with merchandise ut for traffic with the savages, which returned after a favorable and profitable voyage. The United Netherlands laid claim to the new country and private trading ventures were made thereto. In 16 13 a few huts were built at the southern point of Manhattan Island, the fur trade with the Indians increased, and in 161 5 a fortified trading house was established on Castle Island, near the present site of Albany, the place being called Fort Nassau. In 1 6 14, the Merchants of North Holland formed a company styled the United New Netherland Company, and in October of that year, received from the States General a special trading license for four years in this new region, in which the name of New Netherland first appears. On the third of June, 162 1, the States General granted to the West India Company a charter with full powers over New Netherland for a period of twenty-four years. The territory was formally erected into a province, and the manage- ment of its affairs assigned to the chamber of Amsterdam. In 1622, they sent out vessels and took formal possession of the country. Agricultural colonization began in the spring of the same year. The ship " New Nether- land," equipped by the company with thirty families, reached Manhattan xxxvi THE HORSES OF AMERICA early in May ; with them went CorneUus Jacobson May, the first director of New Netl;erland. May was succeeded in 1624 by WiUiam Verhulst. In 1626, the plans for the government of the province by a director and council having been completed by the Amsterdam chamber, Peter Minuit was sent out as director-general. His administration was vigorous and successful. Manhattan Island was bought of the Indians for the West India Com- pany, and a fort built which was named Fort Amsterdam. The charter of the company provided for a form of feudal colonization under patroons, such colonies to consist of fifty adults, and the lands occupied to run sixteen miles in length on the one side of a navigable river, or eight miles if upon both banks, but only so far into the country as the occupiers should push their settlement. The patroons had special privileges of trade, and magisterial powers ; leet courts were held upon their manors, and later their representa- tives sat for them in the colonial assembly. Under these favorable conditions the example of Minuit was eagerly followed; large tracts of land were acquired from the Indians, and settlement made by the new proprietors. The jealousy caused by these purchases and privileges caused the recall of Minuit. The little colony was annoyed by the encroachments of the English of the New Plymouth colony, and disturbed by hostihties between the Indian tribes in their immediate neighborhood. In 1633, Wouter Van Twiller succeeded Minuit, and carried out the policy of commercial monopoly of his principals. The Swedes now began aggressions on the southern border of the Dutch province. Irregularities in administration caused the recall of Van Twiller in 1637, and the next year he was succeeded by William Kieft. During Kieft's administration, which was arbitrary and ill-advised, the colony was still further molested by its English and Swedish neighbors, while its prosperity was ar- rested by dissensions between the company and the patroons. The fatal mistake was made of supplying the Iroquois Indians with firearms, which completed the estrangement of the other tribes. A collision occurred, the beginning of a bloody war which desolated New Netherland for five years. At its close scarce a hundred men besides traders could be found in Manhat- tan, and the river settlements were nearly destroyed. This disastrous admin- istration was closed in the summer of 1646 by the appointment of Peter Stuyvesant, who landed at Manhattan the next May. He closed the Indian difficulties, conciliating the friendly, and utterly destroying the hostile tribes. He ahenated the affections of his own people by resisting their demands for a larger freedom, and prepared them for ready submission to a more generous rule. The province was already shorn of its original limits by English aggres- sion and Dutch submission when the consent of the director and council to a general assembly was first obtained. This the first popular representative assembly cf the province, met in April, 1664, but before that year closed the province fell an easy conquest to the English. The population of the province was then fully 10,000, that of its chief town, New Amsterdam, 1500. The province was granted to the English Duke of York, and New Netherland became New York. EARLY HISTORY OF NEW YORK xxxvii At the close of the Dutch period the settlement of that part of New Netherland which afterward became New York was confined to Manhattan, Long and Staten Islands, and the banks of the Hudson. Westward of these there were small trading stations on the line of the Mohawk and other water ways. Early in the last century the admirable natural channel of communi- cation, which, by the Mohawk River and Wood Creek (southern Lake Cham- plain) connects the Hudson with the great lakes, attracted immigration. The fertile valley of the Mohawk was the first occupied. A settlement was made there about 1722 by a colony from the Palatinate, who constituted almost the entire population until the close of the revolution. In 1756 there were only ten county divisions in the province, of which but two were west of the Hudson. At the time of the Revolution there were 14 counties, the most westerly of which lay on the sides of the Mohawk about 40 miles from Albany. The in- habitants were at this time Dutch, French, English, Scotch and Irish. The war brought the extreme richness of the western lands to the notice of the troops, and they informed the people. After the war settlements spread with rapidity. The State of New York ceding to Massachusetts about 10,000 square miles of territory, there was before 1800 a large immigration from New England which extended itself over the interior of the State to its western boundary. This was essentially an agricultural population. The military lands set apart as bounties during the war, to the amount of iSo,ooo acres were rapidly taken up by the immigrants that flowed into the western portions, opening roads and founding villages and towns. Between 1784 and 1800 the population of the State doubled in numbers. HORSES AND OTHER DOMESTIC ANIMALS. Concerning the early or original horses of New York, Herbert states that the first were imported from Holland in 1625, by the Dutch West India Company. From "A Description of the New Netherlands " by Adrian Van der Douck, 2d edition published at Amsterdam 1656, it appears that the author arrived in a bark of the patroon Kilisen Van Rensselaer in the Autumn of 1642 and remained nine years. He was a lawyer and a graduate of the LTniversity of Leyden. He thus speaks of the domestic animals of New Netherlands : "They were brought over at the settlement of the country from the Netherlands, and differ little from the original stock. The horses are of the proper breed for husbandry, having been brought from Utrecht for that pur- pose, and this stock has not diminished in size or quality. There are also horses of the English breed which are lighter, not so good for agricultural use but fit for the saddle. These do not cost as much as the Netherlands breed, and are easily obtained. There are Curacaon and Arabian horses imported into the country, but those breeds are not very acceptable, because they do not endure the cold of the climate well, and sometimes die in winter. The whole of this breed require great care and attention in the winter. Fine large horses are bred in the country, which live long and are seldom diseased. xxxviii THE HORSES OF AMERICA " The cattle of the New Netherlands are mostly of the Holland breed, but usually do not grow as large, because the hay is not so good, and because the heifers are bred too young. When this is not permitted till the proper time they raise as good as we do in Holland. There are also cattle brought over from the province of Utrecht, which are kept in the Highlands at Amersfoot where they thrive as well as in Holland. "They also have English cattle in the country, not imported by the Netherlands, but purchased from the English in New England. Those cattle thrive as well as the Holland cattle and do not require as much care and provender, and, as in England, this kind will do well unsheltered whole winters. This breed do not grow as large as the Dutch, do not give as much milk and are much cheaper ; but they fat and tallow well." In the Voyage of DeVries to New Netherlands, 1643, the writer narrates visiting some Indians whose chief had about 30 horses. He speaks of Long Island thus : "Long Island is entirely invaded by the English except at the western extremity .where are two Dutch villages Brenkelin and Amersfoost, which are not of much consequence and a few English villages as Graverant, Greenwych, Mespat also Vissengen a fine village well stocked with cattle and fourthly and last Hemsted, better than the others and very rich in cattle." From Holland Documents relating to the Colonial history of New York, Vol. I., p. 167. Proceedings of the Assembly of the West India Co., in regard to New Netherland (from the copy in the Royal archives at the Hague), Oct. 14, 1645. On resuming, the Chamber of Zealand confirmed previous proposals, as follows : " The fly boat and the ship Swol ought to take on board all the old iron, along with as many horses and as much codfish as can be stored therein, and with the Director and the remainder of the old forces, being about sixty persons, should proceed to New Netherlands. On arrival in New Nether- lands the ship Swol, being old, ought to be sold, together with the horses, salt, and old iron * * *." " It will be necessary to send a fast sailing frigate or boat to be dis- patched from New Netherlands with provisions to Curacao ; to return thence with horses and salt, which can be sold in New Netherlands, especially the horses at high price." ******** **** Page 287 — Speaks of the English impounding the Dutch horses at mouth of Connecticut River (Fresh River) about 1640. Page 362 — From Secretary Van Tienhoven's observations on the bound- ary and colonization of New Netherland, Hague, Feb. 22, 1650 : " Cattle such as horses, cows, hogs, need not be sent from this place, in consequence of the great expense, as they can be got at a reasonable price from the Dutch, and principally among the English who have plenty of them." EARLY HISTORY OF NEW YORK xxxix Page 363 — Mentions that the islands Curacao, Bonaire and Aruba have not produced any profit to the Company, therefore it is proposed to permit any one wishing, to estabhsh colonies on these, or to export the horses, pro- vided these be exported to New Netherland. The same secretary reports (page 36S), that : "The cattle necessary in a colony on a private bouwery (farm) in New Netherland, are good mares and sound stallions, yoke oxen for the plough, milk cows, sheep, sows, etc. "These cattle are abundant in New Netherland and especially in New England, and to be had at a reasonable price, except sheep, which the English do not sell, and are rare in New Netherland." Then follows a table of prices of cattle in New Netherland, in florins : "A young mare with her second or third foal costs, 150 to 160. "A four or five-year-old stallion, 130. "A milch cow, 100. " A year old sow, 20 to 24. "A sheep being an ewe, 20 to 24. " In New England : " A good mare sells for, 100 to 120. " A stallion, 100. " A milch cow, 60 to 70. "A yearling sow, 12 to 14. " It is to be observed that in a Colony each farmer has to be provided by his landlord with at least one yoke of oxen or with two mares in their stead, two cows, one or two sows, for the purpose of increase, the use of the farm and the support of the family. " If the above cattle multiply in course of time, with God's blessing, the bouweries can be fully stocked with necessary cattle, and new bouweries set off with the remainder, as is the practice in Rensselaer's Colony and other places, and so on de novo, so as to lay out no money for stock. " All farming implements necessary for the land, must be also procured, except wagon and plough which can be made there." He continues in stating the mode pursued by the AVest India Co., in the first planting of Bouweries, that they sent the farmer with family over the sea to New Netherland, where he was granted a Bouwerie for six years, partly cleared, and furnished house, barn, farming implements, four horses, four cows, sheep and pigs in proportion. At the expiration of the six years he returned the number of cattle received and divided the increase, also paid yearly rent of one hundred guilders and eighty pounds of butter : he adds that they all prospered with these conditions. Page 383, 1650 — Inhabitants of New Netherland forbidden to export horses or cows without permission of council. This is followed (page 385), by letter from delegates in New Netherland to Committee of States General rehearsing that Peter Stuyvesant, the West xl THE HORSES OF AMERICA India Company Director, had exported to Barbadoes, twenty liorses to ttie great injury to the colony. December 13, 1649, there is a protest by Hon. L. Van Dinklagen, in Council, against Director Stuyvesant exporting the horses to Barbadoes. April 12, 1650, the delegates from New Netherland report again that Peter Stuyvesant continues to export the horses to the Barbadoes. Several other protests follow, and Sept. 16, 1652, peremptory orders are sent to the Director and Council of New Netherland, forbiding henceforth any exporta- tion of horses or cows without permission of council. Report on the Colony on the Delaware River : " Concerning the State or condition of the Colony itself it is found that the Swedes, Fins and other natives have made and erected there about one hundred and ten good bou- weries, stocked with about two thousand cows and oxen, twenty horses, eighty sheep and several thousand swine." A letter from Rev. Jonas Mickaelins from Island Manhates, New Nether- land, Aug. II, 162S, to the Rev. Adrianus Smoutius, says: "The promise which the Lord's Masters of the Company had made me of some acres of surveyed lands for me to make myself a home, instead of a free table which otherwise belonged to me, is wholly of no avail. For their Honors well knew that there are no horses, cows, nor laborers to be obtained here for money. Every one is short in these particulars and wants more." From Lawes, collected out of the several now in force in his Majesty's American Colonies, published March i, 1664, at a general meeting at Hemp- stead, L. I. New York Historical collections, page 346 : " Enacts that every town in the province shall have its mark and see that all horses are marked and prop- erly registered ; the horses also to be marked with owners' private mark ; and if sold to another town the mark of the past town shall be placed over the previous town mark. And also : No mares shall be transported out of this government, either to Barbadoes, Virginia or any other remote or foreign plantation without special license, under penalty of forfeiture." From Vol. IV., page 623, "Heads of Accusation against the Earl of Belmont," March 11, 1700: "He gave license to Hendrich Hanson and others to transport horses and mares from Albany to the French Colony of Canada, which was never practiced before and may be of very mischievous consequence in case of war ; this has alarmed the Indians who are jealous these horses may be employed against them." Previous to this (page 618), is an account of five horses being sent to Canada. Page 647 — From a letter of the Earl of Belmont to the Lords of Trade, dated Boston, May 26, 1700: "The Lieutenant Governor and Council of New York, understanding that several French were come from Canada to Albany to sell French goods, and carry away horses and mares, issued a Proc- lamation stricdy forbidding the selling or suffering any horses or mares to be carried out the country, but in defiance of the said Proclamation, there were EARLY HISTORY OF NEW YORK xli six of the best stone horses and fifty of the best mares in the whole country sold to those French and suffered to be carried by them to Canada. It was about Christmas and they traveled over the Lake called Coelear's Lake, on ice. I can never bring the people of the Province to obey laws, if the King will still grudge the allowing us an honest able Judge and Attorney General ; this is but one of a thousand inconveniences we suffer by the want of two such officers." The letter of Col. Schuyler to Earl of Belmont, dated Albany, Feb. i, 1699, speaks of Jesuit Beuyas and M. de la Valliere wanting five horses, left at their departure, to be sent on, which he says he had done. It would seem as if the large purchase by Canada that followed the next year might have been advised by these men on their return. In Vol., VI. page 28, a letter of Governor Colby of Acts of Assembly passed, dated New York, June 10, 1735, says : "No. 3. An act to prevent small stallions from running at large in the Colony of New York and to geld such as shall be under the size therein mentioned." This act is intended to mend the breed of horses in their size, for at present they are small, and will be smaller still unless care be taken. " In 1640 immigration to Long Island from New England had already begun. It was this year that the party from Lynn moved there. In 1645 a part of the English settlers at Stamford, Conn., began a settlement at Hemp- stead, L. I. In 1647 on the west end of Long Island there were six planta- tions under the jurisdiction of the Dutch but several of them were inhabited entirely by English." — Hildreth's History of the United States. From the "British Empire in America," by Oldmixon (London, 1708), we learn that the " party from Lynn," consisted of a hundred families. Old- mixon mentions the trade of the Island, including horses, beef, pork, etc., and continues : "The soil, most of it is very good. Towards the middle of the Island lies a plain sixteen miles long and four broad, where there grows very fine grass which makes extraordinary good hay and is excellent pasture for sheep and cattle. There is no manner of rubbish, stick or stone to be found upon it, and the place is so fit for races that twice a year the best horses in the Island are brought here to try their speed, and the prize is a silver cup to the swiftest. It is on the plains near this town, called thence Hempstead Plains, that the races are generally run ; and the breed of horses being famous here, the militia regiment in this county is horse." He says further : " The company from Lynn made their settlement first on the west end of the Island ; but being disturbed by the Dutch thev moved to the east end and founded Southampton." Josselyn in his "Two Voyages to New England," which he made in 1638 and 1663, speaking of Long Island, says: "The Island is well stored with sheep and other cattle, and is reasonably populous. The most considerable town is Southampton." John F. Watson in Annals of New York (1846), says: " Gravesend was settled in 1640 from Massachusetts; and the first settlement in Smithtown xlii THE HORSES OF AMERICA was by R. Smith, who went first to Boston in 1630, then to Narragansett, and from there in 1656 to Long Island. He left a large estate." Mr. Watson speaks of the pacers being popular twenty or thirty years before the Revolution, and especially the Narragansetts, and mentions in particular one of these, spoken of in a letter, which he had seen, written by Rip Van Dam (President of the Council of New Netherland in 1631, and said to have been acting governor later in the same year). In this letter Mynheer Van Dam tells of buying the horse in Rhode Island for thirty-two pounds, after much trouble to procure a Narragansett to his liking ; how he shipped him on board a sloop from which the persevering side-wheeler jumped overboard, after they sailed, and swam back to his native shores ; and how, after fourteen days passage, the unwilling exile was landed in New Nether- land, much reduced in flesh and spirit. At Crown Point, then called Fort St. Frederick. (Vol. II., p. 191) : — " The horses are kept out of doors during the winter and find their food in the woods, living upon nothing but dried plants, which are very abundant ; however they do not fall off by this food, but look very fine and plump in the spring." Warden's North American, Edinburgh, 1819, page 538, says: — "The horses are smaller than those of the Southern States. Number in States estimated at 300,000." A Dutch History of New York, 167 1, says : "The horses in New Netherland, are brought from England or from the diocese of Utrecht (note says included provinces of Overyssel and Utrecht). Those from the bishopric far excel the English. Both are subject to a curious disease whereby many die in a few hours. The same attacks horned cattle pastured on new ground. But hay grown in salt meadows is a remedy." Skinner's Turf Register, Vol. I., Sept. 1829, says: " Imported Wildair, in 1763 or '64, arrived in Maryland, consigned to Col. Joseph Sims for Mr. De Lancey of New York. Before he was carried to New York, one of Col. Sims mares was in foal by him, and produced Sims' Wildair, which was the first colt of his get in America." From General History of the British Empire in America, by Mr. Wynne, in two Vols., London, 1770. "All kinds of black cattle are more numerous in New York than in any European country, and they have a breed of excellent horses of their own." For further information of the early history of New York, see Vander- doucks History of New Netherlands, Amsterdam, 1665. Translation, by Dr. Benett of Albany. A two years Journey in New York, by C. W., London, 1701. Smith (Wm.) History of New York to 1732, London, 1793. EARLY HORSE ADVERTISEMENTS. {F>-om the New York Mercury). Strayed October, 1762, from William Van Dorn, Somerset County, N. J., NEW YORK HORSE ADVERTISEMENTS xliii three years old, black horse, blaze, four white feet and watch eyes, about 14^ hands. May 1763 — Will be let in Ehzabeth, N. J., by Jeremiah Smith. The Hero, bred by John Holme, Carhsle, Eng., got by Young Sterling : dam by Slipby, etc. January, 1765 — To be sold a black stallion, near 16 hands, four years old, fit for the saddle or draught. Likewise an extraordinary good saddle horse, 16 hands, sold cheap, the owner going abroad. New York, April, 1765 — A pair of genteel bay geldings this day driven from Albany, very sprightly and about 14 hands, to be disposed of, one four the other six years old. April, 1765 — Strayed — Natural pacing dark brown horse with blaze and hind feet white, six years old, near 15 hands. B. Field, Burlington, N. J. April 22, 1765 — To cover after the loth of May at the Bowery, the fine bay horse called Wildair, late the property of Jennison Shafto, England. Got by old Cade, son of the Godolphin Arabian, his dam by Steady, son of Childers, from a daughter of the mare old Partner. Wildair won a match of 1000 guineas and two great subscriptions at New Market, besides several prizes at other places ; was esteemed by all sportsmen the fleetest horse of his time and is thought to be equal to any horse in England as a stallion. The con- ditions of covering and other particulars will be timely advertised. Strayed from Fort George, sorrel horse with blaze, 14 hands. Mr. Smith, Fort Edward. Stolen or strayed, bay horse, five years old, about 12 hands. Jean Froulleam, Scotch St., New York. Taken, sorrel horse, 14^ hands, about 7 years old. John Conover, New York. Strayed in Phillipsburgh, brown mare, 14^ hands, six years old. Jacobus Gee. 1766 — Wildair will be kept at the Bowery the ensuing season at jC^d the mare and six shillings to the groom. Wildair was got by Cade : dam by Steady; 2d dam by Partner; 3d dam by Grayhound ; 4th dam by Make- less; 5th dam by Councellor; 6th dam by Brimmer; 7th dam by Place's White Turk ; 8th dam by Dodsworth ; and 9th dam the Layton Barb Mare. Good grass for mares at 4 shillings per week. Hero as before. To cover at Pavonia, N. J., at ^^ for the season, the bay horse called Childers. He was got by Routh's Crazy, a well bred son of the Flying Childers, the fleetest horse that ever was owned in England. His dam was the mother of the celebrated racer called Top, who was got by Tarrant's Black Bird from a Royal Mare. Childers' dam was a celebrated mare of Mr. Jennison, master of the King's Buck Hounds, and got by Nevison a very famous and high bred stallion in the north of England. The above horse was lately brought from England and is allowed by xliv THE HORSES OF AMERICA judges to be superior in size, strength and figure, to all others that have appeared in any part of America. April, 1766 — To be kept at James Hewlet's, Cow Neck, at two guineas for the season and 50 cents to groom, the fine bay horse called Old England, bred by and purchased of John Holme, Esq. of Carlisle in Cumberland. He is a horse of size, strength and beauty and was got by Young Starling ; his dam by Regulus ; grandam by Roundhead, a son of Flying Childers (the fleetest horse that ever started.) John Holme. 1766 — Stolen in Cow Neck, Queens County, sorrel mare with star, natural pacer. 1766 — To be sold a fine bay colt, two years old, upwards of 143^ hands, very strong and handsome ; he was got by Old England : his dam by Babra- ham ; 2d dam by old Starling ; 3d dam by Merry Andrew, son of Partner ; 4th dam by Bartlett's Childers, called Polly, she won the royal guineas at Hamble- ton, her dam by Councellor, and was own sister to the famous horse Thunderbolt, her grandam by Snake ; 3d dam by Luggs, son of the Darcey White Turk ; and her 4th dam by Davill's old Woodcock, son of the Hems- ley Turk. Inquire of Thomas Hodgson in the Bowery. This is interesting in showing how pedigrees were preserved as this was long before the first English stud book was published. The Thomas Hodson is same man that had charge of ^^'ildair. 1766 — A saddle horse to be sold for no fault. He is to be seen in a pasture belonging to James De Lancey, E^ngland, in Bowery Lane. He is a sorrel, and to prevent trouble the price is exactly ^17. N. B. Inquire of the pasture keeper. 1766 — Strayed from New Rochelle, black mare with star, 14 hands, paces, trots and gallops, pretty ancient. James McGregor. 1767 — Ferdinand, a noble, dark bay stallion, seven years, son of a Spanish horse, etc., in Monmouth, County, N. J., at five pounds. Hero in New Jersey, bred by John Holme, England, etc. Bay horse Old England, imported ; at White Plains ; got by Young Sterling, etc. Somerset, a beautiful gray Barb ; on Long Island. Wildair at six pounds. The best and fleetest of his age in the world ; imported. 1768 — Old England. The beautiful chestnut called Batchelder, just imported from London, etc. ; on Long Island. {From Albany Gazette.') 1787 — Famous English horse Liberty, near Johnstown; dark chestnut, 15 hands, four years; got by old Liberty, dam by Americus, grandam by Bullrock, etc. 1788 — Young Irish Gray, 16 hands, by imported old Irish Gray. 1789 — Sweeper, 15 hands, eight years, Virginia bred. 1790 — Cincinnatus, near 16 hands, six years; by imported Bay Rich- mond, etc., in the colony near the Patroon's Mills. NEW YORK HORSE ADVERTISEMENTS xlv 1 79 1 — Cincinnatus again. 1 792 — Squirrel by an imported Barbary horse ; near Albany. Cincinnatus. 1793 — Gallant Hero and Briton, both by Cincinnatus. Lath, 15-2 hands, property of Stephen Van Renssalaer. 1795 — Cincinnatus, Gallant Hero, Sterling; Cub, by imported Cub, dam by old Traveler; Magnetic Needle, by Magnet, etc. 1796 — The same. 1797 — Spectator, four years, 16 hands, by imported Ranger. Nine capital covering English stallions imported in the ship Niagara from Hull and advertised by the Rhinelanders of New York. 1798 — Gallant Hero, bay, 17 hands, by Cincinnatus; near Albany. Figure, 16 hands, seven years, by imported Figure, near Albany. iSoo — The Rhinelanders of New York advertise several of their English stallions returning from their stands and for sale. {^Froin the Albany Register.^ 1792 — Irish Hero, 15 hands, four years, in Johnstown. 1793 — Hero, ditto. 1795 — Fearnaught in Albany. Killdare, by imported Killdare, in Balls- ton, 1 7 hands, seven years old. 1797 — Granby in Galway. {^From Lansingburg Spy^ 1793 — Black horse at Saratoga; Killdare at Cambridge. (^Froin JVestern Centinel, at IVhitestown.') 1796, Vol. 3 — The Ranger. An i\rabian horse from Old Ranger of Hartford, Conn., 15 hands. In Whitestown by Sam Norton. Magnet in Westmoreland, kept by Mr. Fuller of Paris last season ; 1 5 hands, dark bay, as graceful a moving horse as in America. By Cincinnatus. Alleghany, dark sorrel, 16 hands, stout and well built; sire, imported Mercury, etc. {^From the Herald, pztblished at Cooperstown.') 1797 — Young Marrasser, 16-1 hands, three years; sire, full-blooded Marrasser, owned by Col. David Robinson of Bennington. His dam a remarkably good breeding mare called Speedwell, owned by Capt. Brownell of Pownal. This mare as we remember was a Morgan. Stetting Fleet in Cooperstown; dark sorrel, 15-2 hands, eight years, by Snap, by Figure, etc. Independence, 16 hands, etc. 1798 — The well known horse Saratoga in Cooperstown. He is too well known as a foal-getter throughout this country, etc. S. Harrison. 1826 — Young Bussorah, five years, 16 hands, chestnut sorrel. St. Lancelot Duroc, by Duroc, dam by Herod, etc. {Fro??t Orange County Patriot, May ij, 1800.) Young Badger in Goshen, seven years; dapple gray, 15-2 hands, got by xlvi THE HORSES OF AMERICA Badger from Maryland. Young Beau, got by imported Highflyer. Achilles, bay, 15-2 hands, six years, by Fleetwood, by imported Janus, etc.: dam by Black Marquis. Victory, seven years, 15-2 hands, by Kildare, etc. The full-bred horse Morgan Rattler in Walkill ; brown bay, 15-2 hands, stout horse, by imported Black Marquis, dam by old Figure ; $3 to $6 ; has been two seasons in this county. Arabian horse Sensation, black, nine years, 15-2 hands; sire, Selah, im- ported Arabian, etc. Bashaw, near Goshen ; kept several seasons in this county. Baronet, long account of. Montgomery by Rockingham. Mambrino by Revenge ; dam by Figure. Young Badger. 1806 — Sir Peter Teazle, by a son of Highflyer, etc. Caracticus by Phenomenon. 1809 — Tippoo Selim, near Goshen, by Tippoo Saib, dam by Bold Selim. 1 8 10 — Tippoo Saib Jr., in Goshen; bay, six years, 15-3 hands; got by full blooded horse Tippoo Saib, that has been in the county several seasons ; dam, a full blooded imported mare. Tippoo Saib was by the noted imported horse Messenger, etc. John Windfield. VVill-o'-the-Wisp, by Tippoo Saib. Scuball, by imported Royalist, etc. {From Western Luminary, Cayuga County?) 1801 — Harlequin in Lorainne; six years, bay, 15-2, by Bagerfoot, for- merly kept in Hartford, Conn., his dam the noted mare, well known by the name of the Morgan; $3. Robert M. Dunlap, Lorainne, 1801. {Fro?n The Rights of Man, Vol. I., 1801, at Newl^uig.) Imported King William in Plattskill. 1802 — Ditto, near Cornwall. (^Orange County Republicati, 1806.) Characticus by Phenomenon, etc. Roebuck, black, by Bold Partner, etc. In Hopedale. Driver, imported by Capt. Ramsey of Hartford, bay, 15 hands, eleven years. High Flyer, by Sourkrout, dam by Figure. In Montgomery. {From Political Index, at Newburg.') 1806— Highflyer. Young Champion of Long Island in New Windsor; by imported Champ- ion, dam by Janus. Dark bay, five years, 15-3 hands. Potomack in New Windsor, by Messenger : dam by Figure ; grandam by Bashaw; great-grandam by Hero; bright bay, ten years, 15-2 hands, well made. Performances, etc. Noah To\vnsend, Chester Southerland, 1806. NEW YORK HORSE ADVERTISEMENTS xlvii {Ffom Catskill Packet.') Trae Briton at Catskill Landing and in New Durham ; about seven- eights English, beautiful bay, eight years, 15-2 hands, and well propotioned to his height as any horse. He will run three or four miles equal to any horse in the State. His sire was the old True Briton, and was allowed to be super- ior to any horse ever imported to America. (Signed) Peter Raymond. Unicorn, stout, red roan, 15-2 hands. 1807 — Alexander, dark bay, 16 hands, by old Alexander, imported in 1798. {From The Bee, published at Hudson, N. Y.) 1809 — Drone, 15-2 hands, bay, by Drone of England, etc., etq., near Albany. (^Fro/n Advei'tiser, published at Balls ton Springs.) 181 1 — The fleet horse Diamond in Stillwater and Waterford, sorrel, 15-2 hands. He never has been beat in celerity of motion. Got by imported Diamond, etc. (From The Reveille, published at Elizabethtown, Vol. I., 1812.) Victory, that was formerly in Windsor, Vt., etc. {Fro7n Republican Herald of Potighkeepsie,) 1 8 14 — Imported horse Phoenix again returned to the County of Dutchess ; by old Phoenix, imported to Halifax by Mr. Sands at the price of $2500 together with the noted horse Eclipse. Bay, 16-3 hands, black mane and tail, star and snip ; for speed not to be excelled ; $2> to ^10. Abel S. Peters, Clinton. Highlander at Pine Plains ; by Paymaster. F. Dibbler. 1 816 — Washingtonian, six years old the 5th of August next; brown, 16 hands ; got by the noted Highlander, imported by Tallmadge, Butler, et al. of Sheffield, Conn., in 1798. Dam of Washingtonian, Harlot, imported at the same time, by King Herod from a mare by Blank — allowed to be one of the best mares ever imported. Luther Andrus. Full blooded Horse Duroc — Will be kept the ensuing season, at the stable of S. Robinson, recently occupied by J. Root, Hebron. Duroc is a beautiful chestnut color, 175^ hands, nine years old this spring, of great bone and muscle, remarkable for his speed in trotting. He is a descendant of old Duroc, the father of American Eclipse, and was bred on Long Island. A specimen of his stock can be seen at the stand, and all those who are desirous to improve their breed of horses are invited to call and examine for them- selves. $2, to $6. ' Lemuel Lakin. Salem, April 30, 1832. S. Robinson. Blood Horse, Henry 2d — The subscriber respectfully informs the breeders of horses that his thoroughbred horse, Henry 2d, five years old in June, will be kept at the stable of the subscriber in Cambridge at $10 the season. He has been selected from as pure blood as any in the United States, xlviii THE HORSES OF AMERICA and the best crosses ; and it is believed will add greatly to the improvement of the breed of horses. Henry 2d, is a son of the celebrated turf horse, Henry, the competitor of American Echpse. Henry 2d's dam, the celebrated mare that has produced four winners on the turf, viz. : Prostpect, Post Boy, Sir Lovell and Light Infantry. Sir Lovell beat the famous Virginia mare. Arietta, on Long Island for a match of $10,000. The dam of Henry 2d was got by imported Light Infantry (a son of the famous English Eclipse) ; grandam by imported Messenger (sire of the dam of American Eclipse) ; great- grandam by Bashaw, full brother to the noted running mare Slamerkin, and got by imported ^\'ildair ; great-great-grandam by True Briton, a son of imported Othello ; great-great-great-grandam by imported Sterling, etc., etc, A single glance shows most conclusively that the blood of Henry 2d is of a peculiarly rich cast, concentrating largely of the highest strains that have been distinguished in Europe or America, and particularly of American Eclipse. His colts can be seen at his stand. Cambridge, May i, 1832. Edward Long. The beautiful thoroughbred horse Calender — Calender is a beautiful chestnut, without any white, eight years old in June next; 15-3% hands. He was by American Eclipse, from the well known thoroughbred running mare Princess, by Sir Archie, the sire of the noted horses John and Betsey Richards, Lady Lightfoot, Rattler, Flirtella, Sir Charles, Virginian and Sir Henry, the competitor of American Eclipse, and many other runners. Calender, when a sucking colt, took the first premium offered for horse colts at the annual fair of the Westchester County Agricultural Society in 1824. Young Henry — The subscriber has also a Young Henry colt, four years old next June. This colt was got by Sir Henry, the competitor of American Eclipse, and his dam a thoroughbred mare by American Eclipse. Cambridge, April 27, 1832. B. S. Fassett. Magnum Eclipse — Magnum Eclipse is six years old this spring, 16 hands, bright bay, black mane and tail. He was got by E. Long's Eclipse, from the well known breeding mare owned by Alexander Shaw of Greenwich ; she was a Magnum mare and took first premium at the county fair held in Salem in 1 84 1. ' JosEPHUs Martin. Salem, April 22, 1834. (Erom Cay2/ga Republican^ 1825 — Hop Planter in Scipio; got by Duroc, on Long Island: dam by imported Hop Planter, etc. ^ Liberty in Auburn, etc. Full-blooded Horse Eclipse — Eclipse is a beautiful bay, 16 hands, five years old this spring, and descending, we believe, from a stock of horses the highest in estimation of any in the United States, and is considered by good judges as valuable a young horse as any in this vicinity, partaking of the most important points necessary for a good horse so rare to be found in that animal, NEJV YORK HORSE ADVERTISEMENTS xlix elegance of figure and well proportioned in every way. Although he is yet young, Eclipse was got by the celebrated full blooded horse Eclipse, whose pedigree and character are so well known throughout the United States. Eclipse's dam was by the full blooded horse Mars, raised by Gov. Ridgley of Maryland ; her grandam by the full blooded horse. Bay Figure. She drew the premium at three years old as the best mare exhibited against all ages ; great-grandam by the imported horse, Matchem ; great-great- grandam was Dido, and got by the full blooded horse Bogus, purchased at $2100; great-great-great-grandam was Lutestring; she was sold for ^100 at four months old, and for $200 before she was three years old, and was got by the full blooded horse, Cincinnatus ; great-great-great-great-grandam was an English mare owned by Dr. Perry of Woodbury, Litchfield County, Conn., and got by the imported horse Syphax. By his pedigree you may perceive that Eclipse is undoubtedly as thorough a bred horse as any in America. Fort Ann, April 22, 1833. Lewis Nicholson. Young Sir Walter — Young Sir Walter is a bright bay, 16 hands, seven years old. He was got by Sir Walter. His dam was bred in Dutchess County and got by Diomed. Salem, May 15, 1834. John Nelson. For further information of horses imported into New York, see Vol. IL, pp. xc-cvi. NEW JERSEY. Stand up ! stand out ! where the wind comes in, And the wealth of the seas pours over you, As its health floods up to the face like mine, And a breath blows up from the Delaware And the Susquehanna. We feel the might ■ Of armies in us ; the blood leaps through The frame with a fresh and a keen delight As the Alleghanies have kissed the air. With a kiss blown far through the rush and din, By the chestnut burs and through boughs of pine. — -Joaquin Miller. The following is mainly gathered from the article by Eaton S. Drone, on New Jersey, in the "The American Encyclopsedia " : NEW JERSEY, one of the original thirteen States, is bounded on the north and east by New York and the Atlantic Ocean, on the south and west by Delaware and Pennsylvania. The exact date of the first settlement in New Jersey by Europeans is not known. When they came they found the country occupied by Indians, members of the great Algonquin family, and less warlike than those of New England or Virginia. The earliest colony was probably planted at Bergen, between 1617 and 1620, by the Dutch of New Amsterdam, who claimed the whole country as a part of New Netherland. In 1623, a Dutch company under Cornelius Jacobson JMey and Adrsein Jorisz, built fort Nassau on the east shore of the Delaware, a few miles below the present site of Philadelphia. Sir Edmund Ployden obtained a grant of the country on the Delaware from the king of England in 1634, and called it New Albion; and in 1638 a small party of Swedes and Finns purchased lands in the same region from the natives, and planted several settlements. The Dutch and Swedes afterward drove out the English colonists and in 1655 the Dutch under Peter Stuyvesant, governor of New Netherland, dispossessed the Swedes and sent most of them back to Europe. In 1664 Charles II. of England, disregarding the claims of both parties, granted all the territory between the Delaware and Connecticut Rivers to his brother the duke of York, and sent an expedition to take possession of it. New Amsterdam was first conquered, the New Jersey settlements at once submitted, and under the authority of NichoUs, the commander of the expedition and first governor, a patent was granted to immigrants from Long EARLY HISTORY OF NEW JERSEY U Island and New England. Elizabethtown, Newark, Middletown and Shrews- bury, were now founded. In the meantime, however, the duke of York had sold his claim to Lord Berkeley and Sir George Carteret ; they named the tract New Jersey, in honor of Sir George, who had been governor of the island of Jersey, and had held it for King Charles in his contest with the par- liament. They formed a constitution for the colony, and in 1665 sent out Philip Carteret, brother of Sir George, as governor. He fixed the seat of government at Elizabethtown ; but his administration was unpopular, and in 1670 the people revolted and chose James Carteret, an illegitimate son of Sir George, for their governor. Philip Carteret, however, obtained several con- cessions and promises from the proprietors, which induced the people to sub- mit again to his authority. The first legislative assembly of New Jersey which had been held under his proclamation in May, 1668, passed a bill of pains and penalties remarkable for its extreme severity, the punishment of death being assigned for no fewer than twelve offences. In March, 1673, Berkeley sold his interest in the proprietorship to John Fenwick and Edward Byllinge, Quakers. In July of the same year the Dutch recaptured New York, and the surrounding country, including the whole province of New Jersey, at once fell into their hands. New Jersey was called by them Achter Kol. It reverted to Great Britain by the treaty of 1674, and the question now arose whether the title returned to the proprietors or the king. To avoid all difficulty, the king recognized the claim of Carteret, and made a new grant to the duke of York, who also executed a fresh conveyance to Carteret, covering however only a part of the original territory of New Jersey. But before making this conveyance, the duke had included the province in a commission given to Sir Edmund Andros, governor of New York, who refused to recognize the author- ity as governor of Philip Carteret, arrested all magistrates who would not submit to his own jurisdiction, and finally, on April 30, 1680, carried Carteret himself prisoner to New York. The duke was at last prevailed upon to acknowledge the claims of the proprietors, and in 1681 the government of Andros came to an end. In the meantime Fenwick and Byllinge, to whom Berkeley had sold his share in the province, conveyed an interest in it to William Penn and two other Quakers, Garvin Lawrie and Nicolas Lucas ; and Fenwick in 1675 estabhshed a Quaker settlement at Salem, near the Delaware. He claimed authority as chief proprietor over all that part of New Jersey, S. W. of a line drawn from Little Egg Harbor to a point on the Delaware in lat. 41° N. j and the province continued for some years to be divided into East Jersey, subject to Sir George Carteret and his heirs, and West Jersey, under Fenwick and his associates. In February, 1682, the whole territory was purchased by William Penn and eleven other Quakers. The first governor under the new proprietors was Robert Barclay, a Scotchman, and one of the twelve purchasers, under whom the country became an asylum for the oppressed members of his creed, and for a time enjoyed great prosperity. But the number of proprietors, the frequent subdivisions and transfers of shares, and various other difficulties in the way of good government, soon lii THE HORSES OF AMERICA involved the province in trouble ; and in 1702 the proprietors surrendered the rights of government to the crown. Queen Anne appointed Lord Cornbury governor of New York and New Jersey, but each continued to have a separate assembly. In 1 708 New Jersey petitioned for a distinct administration, and Lewis Morris was appointed governor. The population was then about 40,000. Until the revolution New Jersey was the scene of no important event, and it was never much exposed to the ravages of the Indians. The last royal gov- ernor was William Franklin. A state constitution was adopted in 1776, and throughout the revolution the country was frequently the theatre of war. The battles of Trenton, Princeton, Millstone, Red Bank, and Monmouth were fought on its soil. The first legislature met in Princeton in August, 1776, and chose William Livingston governor. The federal constitution was adopted by a unanimous vote, Dec. 18, 1787. The State Capitol was established at Trenton in 1790. EARLY HORSE ADVERTISEMENTS. {^From the New York Mercury.) 1766 — Strayed or stolen — Black horse, seven years old, between 14 and 15 hands, from Morris County Court House. Jonah Broadwell. 1766 — Stolen — Dark bay mare with blaze and three white feet, about 15 hands, both trots and paces. Coert Voorhers. 1766 — Stolen — Brown bay mare with blaze, 14 hands, a well spirited able beast, both trots and paces. Richard Durphe, New London. Strayed from pasture in Elizabethtown — Black horse of the Bulrock breed, 14 hands, hoofs split, of a lofty carriage and five years old. Broughton Reynolds. 1 767 — Wildair same rates — To be kept at Morristown, Monmouth County, N. J., at ^5 (proclamation money), for the season. — His size, figure and blood are superior to those of any in America. He was acknowledged by every sportsman in England to be the best and fleetest of his age in the World. This horse has been very lucky in getting foals ; all those produced by even the most ordinary mares are remarkably large, well shaped and beau- tiful and justly entitle him to the character of the best stallion in America. Money must be sent with mares. Grass four shillings a week. Ferdinand — A noble dark bay stallion rising seven, superior in size, strength and beauty, to any ever landed on this continent. He is the son of a Spanish horse purchased by Marshall Keith and presented to his brother in Britain, from an English mare, 17 hands high, with bone, and all other points proportionate to his great height. No horse ever appeared in America more capable of getting large useful stock for coach or wagon and from slight genteel mares, the best hunters or road horses. He was brought from Eng- land last summer and is the property of Michael Kearney. 1767 — Hero again. 1767 — Old England as before. NE W J ERSE V HORSE AD VERTISEAIENTS Hii Somerset — A very beautiful Gray Barb at E. Platts, Hempstead Plains, L. I., at five pounds currency for season. This horse's beauty, agility and other accomplishments will always recommend him to the public. Good pasture three shillings per week. 1767 — Stolen near Davis Mills, N. J. — Likely bay horse, with star, 15 hands, pacer, trots and gallops well, seven years old. He is a sound bodied horse, handsome neck, head rather large. Andrew Leake. 1767 — Stolen in North Castle — Sorrel horse, bald face, all feet white, light colored mane and tail, between 14 and 15 hands, natural pacer. Caleb Green. 1767 — Stolen — Sorrel horse with snip, 14 hands, paces and trots. S. Hinds, Elizabethtown, N. J. December, 1767 — To be sold — The fine bay horse called old England, etc. He ran eight miles at Philadelphia with Selim, beaten by a neck. January, 1768 — Wildair the noblest of stallions, is in perfect health and will serve mares in the Bowery the coming season. Excellent grass and good attendance, inquire of Thomas Hodgson. 1768 — Batchelor at Little Plains, L. L, at $18 a mare and four shillings to groom, the beautiful chestnut horse called Batchelor, by Mr. Ben Rodgers' famous horse Garland, son of Bolton Starling : dam an Arabian mare of Lord Grovenor. Batchelor is just imported from London, stands 15 hands, is in great vigor and from the best blood in the world. Strayed in Dutchess County — Large sorrel horse, light mane and tail, 15 hands, natural pacer. Charles Crook. 1768 — Will be at Stephen Van Wycks, Little Neck, L. L — The fine Ara- bian horse Bashaw. He is about 15 hands high and was bred by the Emperor of Morocco, who sent him a present to the Dey of Algiers. He gave him to the Swedish Consul, who presented him to the Grand Duke of Tuscany. While his royal highness had him he won in the same manner the plates of Sienna, Florence, Pictoria, and Sprato, beating a famous English horse at Florence, called Diavalo, and many others of no inferior note. Good pastures at two shillings a week. 1768 — Wanted — A saddle horse not more than six years old, the price not to exceed ;^3o. December, 1768 — Stolen at White Plains — Dark brown mare, 14 J2 hands, trots well and goes a shuffling pace. John Grigg. {Erom Neza Jersey Gazette, fiiblished at Bur/iiigton.) 1778 — Stolen in Salem — Gray gelding, six years old, about 15 hands; trots, paces and canters well. £^0 reward. E. Howell. T778 — Stolen in Burlington County, N. J. — Dun roan horse, 15 hands, four years old, natural trotter; also bay mare three years old, 14 hands. L Robins. To be sold — Horses, breeding mares and a number of colts, from half blood to full, in Woolwich. J. Tolman. liv THE HORSES OF AMERICA Stolen in Westminster, Bucks County — A large well made strawberry roan horse, white feet, eleven or twelve years old, a natural pacer but trots some. John Hart. Stolen in Nottingham, near Trenton — Black mare, bald face, three white legs, 14^ hands, nine years old, trots and gallops. Stolen near Valley Forge — Black mare, star, one white foot, about 15 hands. J. Moore. Stolen in Moreland — Gray horse, 13}^ hands, paces, trots and canters. Taken in Hopewell — Black roan mare, with blaze and some white on feet, English made, trots, paces and gallops, about 14 hands. N. Moore. Stolen — Chestnut brown horse, bald face, one white foot, about 1 5 hands, eight years old. To be sold — Very handsome one horse chaise, elegantly painted, with iron axle, steel springs and leather full back. Stolen at New Harmony Ferry — Black mare with blaze, 14^^ hands, trots and canters. Strayed, etc. — Large sorrel horse with blaze and hind white feet, seven years old, paces and trots. J. Richmond. The noted horse Grand Bay of full size, will cover near Bound Brook, at $16. J. Dunn. A horse for sale, 15 hands, well gaited. Price $250. 1778 — Stolen in Lower Dublin — Black horse, about 14 hands, natural pacer. Stolen in Pennington — Dark gray horse with blaze, about 14 hands, trots and paces. Lofty — An imported horse from Great Britain, in Maidenhead, N. J., at ;^8 ; also Hunter an imported horse. The famous and well known horse Traveler, now rising eight years old, will cover the coming season at the plantation of Amos Swan on the Scotch Plains. He is of a full size, 15^ hands, well set to his height, color dark claret and very beautiful. He sprung from the best blood in Great Britain. His pedigree is the same as True Briton, they being brothers. His carriage, beauty, behavior and spirit, make him equal if not superior to any horse within the state. Terms ^lo. To cover at Newark Mountain — Famous and well known horse, Liberty, four years old this spring. He is a Selim colt from a Dove mare. . Dr. Condit. Strayed — A small dunnish horse \ in Amwell ; also in Trenton, sorrel mare, four years old, between 14 and 15 hands, paces and trots. In Prince- ton, gray mare, between 14 and 15 hands, trots and gallops. Strayed or Stolen, in Bucks County — Chestnut sorrel horse about 14-3. In New Brunswick, bay mare with blaze and three white feet, about 14 hands, natural trotter, of a low carriage but very reliable. In Trenton, red roan horse, 14^^ hands, trots. NEW JERSEY HORSE ADVERTISEMENTS Iv Americus — Chestnut horse, 15 hands, at stable of Peter Vanderveer in Somerset, bred by Earl of Sterhng from horse and mare imported by him from best stock in England. Young Bulrock — A beautiful bay horse, five years old, 15 hands, will cover near Kingston in Middlesex County. Full blooded by famous old Bul- rock and his dam Britannia, whose stock and blood being so well known in New Jersey, wants no further pedigree. Young Selim in Maidenhead — Full bred, sire old Selim, the celebrated racer : dam a full blood Dorsan mare ; 15% hands, very gay and handsome. Taken up in Pompton — Black mare, 14}^ hands, trots and paces. Stolen in Somerset County, small gray horse, 13 hands, trots. Also chestnut mare, 13}^ hands. Arabian at Maidenhead on farm of Wilson Hunt, got by Wildair : dam by Babraham ; 2d dam by old Sterling ; 3d dam by Merry Andrew ; 4th dam Laughing Polly, that won at Hambleton, and was got by Childers ; her dam by Counsellor. This is from the same dam as the two-year-old colt by England, ad- vertised for sale by Thomas Hodgson, and was probably bred by James De Lancey. Bay Richmond at Long Bridge. Apollo in Westfield. Major General, near Newark, got by Granby, dam by Bulrock ; grandam by Frederick, dark bay, five-years-old, 15}^ hands. O. Meehan. Wilkes — Beautiful bay horse, nine years old, 15^ hands, property of Gen. Nathaniel Heard, will cover near New Germantown, bred by Col. Gant, and got by Samuel Galloway's very well known running horse Selim, that started on the Philadelphia course in the year 1762 with True Briton, for the large sum of ;^iooo, beating him with ease. His grandsire Col. Tasker's Othello, was from Col. Gant's Milley, who was the dam of True Briton, Britannia, Liberty and the Earl of Dunmore's fine horse Regulus, allowed by the best judges to be the most beautiful creatures in Virginia, and a full brother to Wilkes, got by old Spark, and full sister to Col. Hopper's Pacolet. Her dam was Queen Mab. got by Musgrave's gray Arabian, a most beautiful horse for which five hundred guineas were refused. His dam by the Hampton colt, Childers ; his grandam by his chestnut Arabian ; his great-grandam by Leeds ; his great-great-grandam was a Barb, brought over by Mr. Marshall, and was the dam of Mr. Croft's Grayhound. Terms for service 10 guineas. Young Figure — A beautiful bay horse, nine years old, 15 hands, property of Gen. Nathaniel Heard, will cover at Rocky Hill. Bred by proprietor and got by Duke of Hamilton's Figure, by old Figure, etc. Young Figure's dam was Britannia, full sister to True Briton, etc., etc. The noted horse Granby, near Bound Brook. 1778 — The beautiful horse Apollo, four years old, i^ji hands, in West- field. Ivi THE HORSES OF AMERICA 1779 — At Maidenhead, the beautiful and high bred horse Arabian, foaled 1770? 15/^ hands, very active and of a remarkably fine bay, by Wildair, etc. Mercer & Schenck. Leopard, by Granby. Fearnaught, by the famous horse Dove : dam a fine Briton mare ; grandam a very fine New England mare ; in Coltsneck, Monmouth County, at farm of Capt. John Van Meter. Also at same place the beautiful full blooded horse Liberty, bay, 1%% hands; got by Dove : dam Gant's Milly, by old Spark, and full sister to Col. Hopper's Pacolet. 1779 — Fleetwood, a beautiful full blooded, dark chestnut horse, three years old, this grass, 15 hands, will cover at Daniel Hunt's in INIaidenhead, at twenty-five pounds and one dollar to groom. He is as high bred horse as any in America, as appears by following certificate : Fleetwood was got by Janus : dam by Janus ; grandam noted running mare Pol Flaxon, by Jolly Roger ; great-grandam imported Mary Gray, own sister to Young Sterling, bred in England and was bred by INIr. Croft in Yorkshire, and got by old Sterling, his dam by Mr. Croft's Partner, from the grandam of Lampton's gray mare, IMiss Doe, which was got by Mr. Croft's bay Barb, her dam by Makeless, her grandam by Brimmer, her great-grandam by a son of Old Dodsworth, from a Layton Barb mare. Thomas Terpin. Virginia, Oct. i, 1778. I do hereby certify above pedigree to be genuine. John Harris. Pastime, six years old this grass, beautiful bay, with black legs, mane and tail, two white feet, star and snip. He is of a full size, 15 hands, etc. 1779 — Bay Richmond, foaled 177 1, bred by Thomas Cumforth, York- ^lire, Eng., got by Bashaw Blank : dam Dido, by Changeling Jr., imported by Lewis Morris, bay, 15 hands, very active. 1779 — Clear All and Young Figure, Young Belsize, Bold Hunter, and Jolly Charter, by True Briton, dam by Hero. Also Putnam, 15-1 hands, bred in New England ; and Scipio. Sportsman, by noted horse King Herod and from Raven mare, three- quarter blooded, four years old. Young Dove, foaled 1772, 15^ hands, three-quarter blooded, by im- ported Dove, to be kept in Trenton. The elegant New England horse Peacock, bay with white face, full 15 hands, and very just in his proportions, paces, trots and canters, moves with great agility and amazingly easy to his rider ; and is esteemed by very com- petent judges to be one of the best calculated horses for getting colts, for saddle or harness, in the State of New Jersey. EzEKiEL Smith, Stony Brook, May 4, 17 So. iy8o — To be sold — The gray colt Abdallah, rising four years old, complete in his form, very fine condition, got by Mr. Heath's Traveler, from the Dove mare, whose dam belonged to the late Mr. Anthony Waters, well known by the name of the Dutch mare, and in her day thought to be superior to any of NEW JERSEY HORSE ADVERTISEMENTS Ivii her blood in America. Traveler is from Col. Lloyd's old Traveler from his fine mare Nancy Bywell, who won the match against Mr. De Lancy's Lath with great ease in 1772. To save trouble, one hundred pounds hard money or its value in paper money is the price of the above colt. And a stout young horse or mare or a pair of either, well broke to the draught, will be taken in part if they and their prices are approved of. Apply to Esau Brookes at Mr. Earle's farm near Bohemia Ferry, Cecil County, in the State of IMaryland. Ajax, 16 hands. Young Bulrock, bay, six years old this grass, 15 hands, full blooded, by old Bulrock : dam Britannia, in Middlesex, at $30. Bay Richmond, imported by Lewis Morris, from England, bay, 1 5 hands, eight years old. A certificate follows, by Thomas Comforth, breeder, and John Pratt, breeder of the dam. Arabian, rising nine years old, at |!ioo. Got by the famous stallion Wildair, dam by Babraham, etc. This horse, the sire of Arabian, was a few years past purchased of James De Lancey, Esq., at a very high price and shipped back to England at the particular desire of the greatest breeder of that country, and covered at forty guineas the season. Leopard, by Granby, at $60 to $90. Liberty, by Dove, was bred by T. Jackson in the North of England. Fearnaught, by Dove. Fleetwood, by Janus, dam by Janus. Wilkes, by Selim and Pastime, by Othello. Young Granby and Pacolet. The famous and well known horse Traveler, now rising nine years old, will cover, etc., in Piscatoque on the road from Bound Brook to Quibbletown. Of full size, 15-2 hands, well set for his height ; his color is a dark claret and very beautiful. He sprang from the best blood in Great Britain ; his pedigree is the same as True Briton, they being brothers ; his carriage, beauty, behavior and spirit make him equal if not superior to any horse in this State. He is to cover at $26 the season for each mare and $1 to the groom. 1780 — The high-bred Spanish horse called the Lion of Redington, at two bushels of wheat; chestnut, near 16 hands; trots and canters well; by the old Spanish horse Ferdinand, dam of the Dawson breed. Peter Coverhouen. Major General, by Granby. Young Dove, by old Dove that was bred in the North of England, etc. Young Figure, dam Britannia, full sister to that well known horse True Briton. The elegant horse Sportsman, coming four years old this grass, three- fourths blooded, got by King Herod from a Raven mare. Daniel Hendrickson. Elegant New England horse Peacock, bay with white face, mane and tail black, full 15 hands, paces, trots and canters, moves with great agility and amazingly easy to his rider, etc. E. Smith, Stony Brook. 1 781 — Juvenal, in Troy, got by imported Wildair, dam seven-eighths Briton mare, foaled 1773 ; fine bay with two white feet, 151^ hands. Iviii THE HORSES OF AMERICA Godolphin, near Philadelphia, bred by Col. Baylor, got by Old Fear- naught ; dam Jenny Dismal. Koulikhan, iron color, foaled 1777, got by Wilson Hunt's Bajazet from Mr. Hiltzheimer's full blooded Pacolet mare, Medley. 1 781 — Sehm, by Bajazet. Golden Farmer, sorrel, 16 hands. Koulikhan, rising four years old, iron color with star, got by Wilson Hunt's Bajazet ; dam Mr. Fitzimmons' full blooded Pacolet mare Molly. The owner bought him a foal at Bowhill farm near Trenton. Juvenal, by Wildair. Godolphin, by Fearnaught. Young Whirligig. 1 782 — Young Irish Gray, by old Irish Gray : dam by Bulrock. A number of Granby colts appear which are advertised in 1783 for sale. 1782 — Partner, by Figure. Ranger, by Bold Forester. Marquis, by Whirligig, dam by Wildair. Mercury, by Apollo. Old Stirling at Bound Brook. St. Patrick, by Granby. The following long list of estrays or stolen horses is quite suggestive of the character, especially size of the horses of New Jersey at that time, which 'was during our revolution. Strayed or stolen — In Lower Freehold, gray horse, 15 hands, trots. Strayed or stolen — Sorrel mare, in Trenton, between 14 and 15 hands, paces and trots. Stolen — In Lower Freehold, gray horse, 15 hands. Stolen — In Somerset County, small gray horse, between 12 and 13 hands. Stolen — In Wains Mills, dark chestnut mare, 13^4 hands. Stolen — In Middlesex County, red roan horse, 14}^ hands, trots. Stolen — In Valley Falls, bay horse, 14 hands, trots remarkably well. Stolen — In Ehzabethtown, large brown horse, trots and canters ; and black horse with star, trots mostly, paces some, middling size. Stolen — In Burlington County, bay horse with blaze and four white feet, well set, heavy bodied and near 15 hands, and black roan colt of Bulrock; also same county large red roan mare, about 15 hands, trots and paces, and bay gelding, about 14 hands, trots and paces. ■ Stolen — In Elizabethtown, gray mare, 145^ hands, natural trotter. Stolen — In Valley Forge, bay horse, 14 handg. Stolen — In New Brunswick, brown pacing mare. Stolen — Near Burlington, bay horse with blaze and hind feet white, 14^^ hands. Stolen — In Poplartown, bay stallion, some white, about 14 hands, well made, paces, trots and canters. Stolen — In Woodbridge, large sorrel horse, about 15 hands, natural trotter, but paces some; also dark bay mare, some white, 13 hands, natural pacer, low carriage. Stolen — In Westfield, browh mare, natural trotter, 13^ hands. Stolen — In New Brunswick, black gelding, some white, 14 hands, trots, and black horse, 13^ hands. NE W J ERSE V HORSE AD VER TISEMENTS lix Stolen — In Bucks County, two mares, dark brown, natural pacers. Stolen — In Mt. Holly, dark chestnut horse, some white, 14^ hands, paces mostly. Stolen — In Trenton, bay mare, some white, natural pacer and of high spirit, 14 hands. Stolen — In Maidenhead, small brown horse, 1 3 hands, natural pacer. Stolen — In Hillsborough, bay, 14 hands, trots and canters well. Taken up — In Germantown, gray horse, 14 hands. Jonathan Toms. Stolen — At Valley Forge, bay mare, some white, 1 5 hands, patural pacer. Stolen — In Bucks County, gray gelding, 14^ hands, trots altogether, of remarkable high spirit and Arabian breed. Stolen — In Trenton, bay mare with blaze, 14 hands, trots and canters well; and black horse, with bald face and white feet, 14^ hands, trots and canters well. Stolen — In Saleburg, Bucks County, black horse, some white, about 15 hands, paces, trots and canters and excellent for draft. Stolen — In Morristown, sorrel horse, bald face, 14 hands, trots and paces. Stolen — At Coryells Ferry, brown horse, 14^ hands, trots paces and canters. Stolen — In Trenton, bay horse, 14^ hands, paces, trots and gallops. Stolen — In Elizabethtown, brown horse with blaze, 14 hands, trots and paces. Stolen — In Kingston, brown, three-year-old horse, 155^ hands, of lofty carriage, also brown horse, 153^ hands. Stolen — In Newark, bay horse, some white, 15 hands, natural trotter. Stolen — In Elizabeth, sorrel horse with star, 13^ hands, paces, trots and canters. Stolen — Near Yardleys Ferry, Penn., sorrel horse with blaze, 15 hands, high spirited, paces, trots and canters; also bay mare, 14^ hands, trots and canters. Skipping a year from Aug. 19, 1779 to Aug. 32, 1780, we find a year of estrays and stolen, as follows : In Newton, bay mare with blaze, 14^4 hands, most natural to rack and pace. In Pennington, brown mare, 14 hands, trots well ; also chestnut sorrel horse, star and snip, 153/^ hands, natural pacer. In Princeton, sorrel mare, 14^ hands, natural pacer. From plantation of Gen. Lewis Morris, near Busby Hill, dun mare, 14 hands, natural pacer. In Trenton, red roan mare, 14 hands, trots and paces. ' In Amwell, gray draught horse, 14^ hands, natural trotter. In Bergen County, sorrel horse with blaze, \S}i hands, natural pacer; also sorrel horse with star, 15 hands, trots and paces. In Bucks County, half-blooded, white stone horse, called Young Irish Gray, eight years old, 15 hands, well made, natural to trot and canter. Ix THE HORSES OF AMERICA Near Great Falls, dark bay mare, some white, 15 hands. In Maidenhead, large sorrel horse, some white, about 15^ hands, natural trotter. This takes to Nov. 15, 1780. There are much fewer advertised, owing probably to change of troops, and they average larger. These advertisements also appear in November, 1780 : To be sold for speed, the noted horses Molton and Bald Selim. Enquire of subscriber at Fish Kill, N. Y. ■ Joseph Jackson. (^New Brunswick {N.J.) Gazette, 1791.) Rochester, by Figure, imported by Dr. Hamilton of Maine. Badger, by Apollo. Revenge, 15 hands, gay, handsome and stout, got by Figure, dam by Lath. F. and P. Rhinelander advertised Baronet, seven years old. Collector, bred by Wade Hampton, got by imported Mexican. 1798 — Chanticleer, by Jersey Eclipse, dam by Pastime. Abner Ward, Newark, N. J. Highflyer, by Mr. Cragg's noted horse Eclipse, son of Highflyer, dam by Messenger Eclipse, by Venetian. 1800 — Flag of Truce, black, 15^ hands, by imported Rockingham : dam by Granby. 1807 — Nimrod, brown, \6}^ hands, imported by Dr. Tate in 1798, got by King Fergus, in New Jersey. 1809 — Nig, full bred turf horse. Plato, by Messenger, dam by Shark, full brother to T. Cook's Harail- tonian, at Milton, N. J., by E. Marsh. From the Spirit of the Times : W. W. Bacon & Co., advertises for first season in Kentucky, Monmouth Eclipse, purchased in New Jersey for $12,000. In the New York Mercury of 1763 : The Hero is advertised at Elizabeth, N. J., by Jeremiah Smith ; got by Young Stirling, dam by Slip by, etc. Imported from England. N. B. — The challenge lately given by the owner of True Briton should have been accepted by the owner of Hero had not the horse so lately arrived from England. Bred by John Holme of Carlisle, England; 15-2 hands. For further importations into New Jersey, see Vol II., p. cxiv. Independence Bell, Philadelphia, Penn. PENNSYLVANIA. GERTRUDE OF WYO.MING. On Susquehana's side, fair Wyoming, Although the wild flowers o'er thy ruined walls And roofless homes the sad remembrance bring Of what thy gentle people did befall ; Yet thou wert once the loveliest land of all, Which see the Atlantic wave their morn restore. Still would I now thy lost delights recall. And paint thy Gertrude in her days of yore, Whose beauty was the pride of Pennsylvania's shore. — Campbell. THIS noble Commonwealth was granted under a very liberal charter by Charles II. to William Penn in 1681. By the charter Penn was made proprietary and supreme governor of the province, for which he prepared a constitution purely Democratic in character. Penn with a hundred comrades sailed in the " Welcome " from Deal on the first of September, 1682, and landed at Newcastle on the Delaware on the 27 th of October, having lost one-third of his company by small pox on the voyage. He found the west bank of the Delaware already occupied by about 6000 Swedes, Dutch and English, the Swedes having begun a settlement in 1638. To these, as to settlers from all nations, he conceded equal liberties. Penn at once created a quick market for land, by publishing in England and on the Continent of Europe his liberal scheme of government and his intention to try the " holy experiment of a free colony for all mankind." The desire to escape from temporal and spiritual despotisms, and the chances of acquiring rich lands in a salubrious climate, on easy terms, drew thousands of immigrants. English Quakers, Scottish and Irish Presbyterians, German Mennonites, French Huguenots, men of all religions, were alike welcome. Only one condition, Christianity, was made necessary for citizenship or office. The population increased for a few years at the rate of about a thousand a year ; then more rapidly, so that at the end of seventy-five years it exceeded 200,000. Penn staid in the colony two years on his first visit, and returned for a second visit in November, 1699, again remaining two years. For over sixty years the colony was peaceful and prosperous. The wise conciHatory Indian policy instituted by Penn, and the predominance of the Quakers in the assembly pursuing a policy of non-resistance, kept the red Ixii THE HORSES OF AMERICA tribes friendly. But in 1 744 the Indians became the aUies of the French, then at war with the English. From this time forward the colonists were harassed by war parties of savages, and outlying settlements were destroyed and the inhabitants murdered, as in the case of Wyoming, whose tragic fate has been commemorated by Thomas Campbell in the noble poem whose opening hnes stand at the head of this chapter. The pressure of common danger and the dread of torch and tomahawk taught the lessons of comrade- ship and co-operation, and nourished the self-reliant courage of the generation which was to strike for independence. Pontiac, the famous sachem, united the western Indian tribes in a war of extermination, only ended when the whites finally established their supremacy. The earliest mention of the horses of Pennsylvania that we have discov- ered is in "A True Account of Pennsylvania and New Jersey in 16S5 by Thomas Budd," from which we quote : " Our horses are good serviceable horses fit for both draught and saddle ; the planters will ride them fifty miles a day, without shoes ; and some of them are indifferent good shapes. Many ships are freighted yearly from New England with horses to Barbadoes, Nivis, and other places ; and some ships have also been freighted out of Pennsylvania and New Jersey, with horses to Barbadoes ; but if we had some choice horses from England and did get some of the best of our mares and keep them well in the winter and in past- ures inclosed in the summer, to prevent their going amongst other horses, we might then have a choice breed to the advantage of the inhabitants." In Dixon's Pennsylvania (American Edition), p. 297, we find : " Considerable attention was paid at an early period to the breed of horses in the colonies. The founder of Pennsylvania was very fond of the propogation of good stock and according to Mr. Dixon * the love of fine horses which the Englishman shares with the Arab did not forsake him in the New World.' At his first visit to America he carried over three blood mares, a fine white horse not of full breed, and other inferior animals, not for breeding, but for labor. His inquiries about the mares were as frequent and minute as those about the gardens; and when he went out for the second time in 1699, he took with him a magnificent colt, Tamerlane, by the celebrated Godolphin Barb, to which the best horses in England trace their pedigrees." As the Godolphin Barb, mentioned as the sire of Tamerlane, was not foaled until about 1724, this part of Mr. Dixon's statement is incorrect, and as no other record appears of the horse Tamerlane, it is quite possible that Mr. Dixon fell in error in some way as to his importation. During his first visit, in a letter written in 1683 to " The Committee of the Free Society of Traders residing in London," William Penn, says : " We have no want of horses and some are very good, and shapely enough ; two ships have been freighted to Barbadoes with horses and pipe staves since my coming in." (Dixon's Penn. Am. Ed., p. 297). This shows that horse breeding was a business in the colony before the advent of Penn in 1682. EARLY HISTORY OF PENNSYLVANIA Ixiii Gabriel Thomas, who came to Philadelphia from England in 1681, and remained until 1696, published at London in 1698 an account of Philadel- phia and the province of Pennsylvania, in which he refers to the commerce as follows : " This fruitful country has great and extended traffic by sea and land to New York, New England, Virginia, Maryland, Carolina, Jamaica, Barbadoes, New Foundland, etc. This merchandise chiefly consists in horses, etc." In Historic Tales of Olden Times (Philadelphia, 1833), the author, John T. Watson, says : " In 1683-84 emigration was greater coming from England, Ireland, Wales, Holland and Germany, mostly of the Society of Friends and all or nearly all setthng in Philadelphia, Bucks or Chester Counties." And, speaking of Bucks County: "Only a few of the wealthiest farmers had any wagons before the year 1745. John Wells was the only person who had a riding chair. * * * The ladies seventy years ago were much accustomed to ride on horseback for recreation. * * * James Read, Esq., an aged gentleman who died in 1793, said * he could remember when there were only eight four- wheeled carriages kept in the province.' Even the character of steeds used and preferred for riding, and carriages also have undergone the change of fashion. In the old times the horses most valued were pacers — now so odious deemed ! To this end the breed was propagated with care and pacing races were held in preference. The Narragansett pacers of Rhode Island were in such repute, that they were sent for at much trouble and expense, by some few who were choice in their selections. * * * Horse races appear to have been of very early introduction and bringing with them the usual evils hard to be controlled. They were at an early date performed on ' Race Street,' so popularly called because of its being the street directly leading to the race ground, cleared for the purpose, though the forest trees still long remaining there. " Thomas Mattock, aged ninety-two, was passionately fond of races in his youth. • He told me of his remembrances on Race Street. In his early days the woods were in commons, having straggling forest trees remaining there, and the circular course running through those trees. He said * all genteel horses were pacers.' A trotting horse was deemed a base breed ; that these Race Street races were mostly pacing ; and that his father and others kept pacing studs for propagating the breed. " Thomas Bradford, Esq., telling me of his recollections of the races says * he was told that the earliest races were scrub and pace races on the ground used as Race Street. But in his younger days (he is now past eighty), they were run in a circular form on a ground from Arch or Race Street down to Spruce Street, and from Eighth Street to Schuylkill River, making the two miles for a heat. About the same time they also ran straight races of one mile from Center Square to Schuylkill, out High Street. At the Center Course the races used to be continued till the time of the war of 1775. None occurred afterwards there ; and after the peace they were made unlawful.' " Ixiv THE HORSES OF AMERICA From Watson's Annals of Philadelphia, page 63, " Minutes of Assembly of Pennsylvania" we quote : "The board having taken into consideration the great danger the in- habitants of this City are in, by means of Carts and Carriages driving through the streets at the Market Place on market days, to prevent the mischief that may ensue, it is ordered that proper Iron Chains be provided to stop the passage of Carts and Carriages through the Market Places." Page no — Mr, Bartram and others assured me that most of the cows which the English have here are the offspring of those which they bought of the Swedes when they were masters of the country. The English themselves are said to have brought over but few. The Swedes either brought their cattle from home or bought them of the Dutch who were then settled here. Page 162 — On wild cows and oxen. Pages 209 and 210 — Speaks of the Narragansetts and the one pur- chased by Rip Van Dam of New York, in^i7ii, and says of this last : "From New York he was sent inland to Philadelphia, by the next Post. He is no beauty although so high priced, save in his legs ; he always acts ; will never stand still ; will take a glass of wine, beer or cider and probably would drink a dram on a cold morning." Page 248 — Of Pennsylvania he says : " Horses are raised here with that attention which the nature of that noble animal requires. (The best for teams are bred in Lancaster County), and ele- gant saddle and carriage horses have more or less of the blood of stallions im- ported from England." And of Virginia, p. 305 : " In this state much pains have been taken to raise a good breed of horses, and nave succeeded m it." Speaks of stages between New York and Philadelphia, and says, p. 143 : "The horses are good and go with rapidity." And speaking of meeting a Pennsylvania farmer who lived near Middleton twenty-two miles from Philadelphia says: "There were ten horses in the stable." In "Views of Society and Manners in America," by an English Woman, New York, 1821, the horses in Philadelphia are thus pleasantly spoken of : " 1 observed in the carts and wagons standing in and around the market place, the same full fed, well rubbed, healthy looking horses, that have so often attracted my attention throughout the country. Truly I do not remember to have seen a starved horse since I landed. The animals seem to share the influence of wholesome laws with their masters. When a man feeds his horse well, it only shows that he has the wherewithal to purchase provender. When he uses him gently and guides him by the voice instead of the whip it shows that he has good sense, and humanity ; good sense if he considers his own ease ; humanity if he considers that of the animal. It is a pretty thing to see a horse broken in this country. It is done entirely by gentleness. A PENNSYLVANIA HORSE ADVERTISEMENTS Ixv word or a whistle sets the horse to his full speed, whether in the carriage, the dearborn, or the stage. Only once do I remember to have seen a whip used, any more than to crack it above the horses, and that was by a European." It should be borne in mind that up to 1830 Philadelphia was the leading city of the New World ; it was then passed by its rival, New York. Phila- delphia was a wealthy city from early times and its citizens were satisfied with nothing short of the best horses that could be imported both for saddle and draft j and though not as celebrated for thoroughbred or racing stock as its sister states, Virginia and Maryland, in the earlier days, yet Pennsylvania in the third quarter of the eighteenth century took a leading place in this respect, as will be noted later. The Pennsylvania Gazette was established at Philadelphia in Decem.ber, 1728, and passed into the control of Benjamin Franklin the next year, who managed it until 1766. It was a leading newspaper of the Colonies until it suspended on the occupation of Philadelphia by the British in 1777. It was not the custom to advertise stallions in the newspapers until along in the sixties, when the enthusiasm for racing induced the importation of choice thoroughbreds, whose owners advertised them in the newspapers, and their example was followed by others. But there is from the earliest publication of newspapers, another line of advertisements better calculated to give a true idea of the description and characteristics of the average horse stock in use, than can be gained from the eulogies of advertisers on their stock horses. We refer to advertisements of horses strayed, stolen or taken up. The de- scriptions, given for the purpose of recognition, must be as accurate as the advertisements could make them. These advertisements abound in the Gazette, and we insert below description of all that occur for a period of about two years, from October, 1739, to October 1741 : In Chesterfield, Burlington County — black roan gelding, four years old, natural pacer, short mane, marked with T. L. in one letter on the shoulder. Gray horse and small black mare, found in Bucks County. Near Philadelphia — sorrel pacing horse with star, large mane and foretop ; marked W., also middle sized black horse. At Christiana Bridge — two bay mares one with star, about 13 hands, had on a good bell ; the other about 13 hands, both branded ; also a small black horse and a middle sized gray horse with bell. In Philadelphia — white horse, about 14 hands high, natural pacer, shod all round, branded, large switch tail and hanging mane, roach back, with large foretop. Also white horse, 14 hands, natural pacer, hoofs much broken, branded, roached back. In Pequea — two geldings, one black, 14 hands, branded, the other bay, 14 hands, and branded. In Warwick — bay, two years old mare, 13 hands, branded. In Philadelphia — natural pacing bay mare, switch tail, branded. In Chester County — bay gelding, star and snip, about 13 hands, natural pacer, can trot a little. Ixvi THE HORSES OF AMERICA In Philadelphia County — dark horse, natural pacing horse, branded, also bay mare, with bell. In Philadelphia — large horse, cart horse, paces very well. In Chester County — bay horse, about 14 hands, pretty long bodied, long mane, trots, and of good courage ; a working horse. In Burlington County — ^white horse, of low stature, well built for strength, short back, small head, little ears, two white legs, long curled mane, deep breasted. In Philadelphia — bay horse, with star, about 13 hands, long switched tail, bred at Durham. In Philadelphia — gray mare of middling size, natural pacer. In Philadelphia — small bay horse, star, scarce mane and tail. In Whiteclay Creek — large bay horse, white face, long mane, paces. In Philadelphia — black gelding, about 14 hands, long mane and tail, pretty long bodied, three years old. Also small bay horse with star. In Philadelphia — gray gelding, three years old, about 14 hands, natural pacer. Also large bay horse with star. Also black horse, about 13 hands, natural pacer. In Schuylkill — black horse, three years old, trots and paces. In Philadelphia — black horse, six years old, switch tail. Also bay horse, long back. In Lancaster County — three wagon horses, one yellow sorrel, or dun color, about 14 hands, and well set, black horse same size, dark bay pacing horse, about 14 hands. In Philadelphia — brown horse with star, near 14 hands, pretty long head, paces easy and fast when rode, but trots clumsily, when led or drove. Also sorrel mare colt, two years old, natural pacer ; blaze and white feet. In Philadelphia — bay horse, about 14 hands, he paces well and fast, branded and switch tail. Also a common small chestnut sorrel horse, about II or 12 hands, star and snip, flaxen mane and tail; paces a little. In Octoraro — black mare, star, snip and white foot, also black colt. Near Philadelphia — bay mare, about 12 or 13 hands, five years old, switch talk In Philadelphia — bay gelding, eight years old, thick, fat and well set, trots. In Chester County — sorrel horse, blaze, snip and white leg, about 14 years old ; another bay, both have saddle spots. Near city ; small chestnut horse, star, two white feet, paces a little ; about six years old. In Chester County — iron gray gelding, about 135^ hands, past three years old, star and hind feet white, paces easy though not swift and trots out of hand. Near city ; small chestnut horse, star and two white feet, paces a little. In Blockley township — a natural pacing sorrel horse colt about a year old, flaxen mane and tail and blaze in face. PENNSYLVANIA HORSE ADVERTISEMENTS Ixvii Near Germantown — large sorrel horse with blaze, flaxen mane and tail, about 15 hands. He has a good forehead and cannot pace. In Chester County — dark brown mare, about 13^ hands, can both trot and pace. In Philadelphia — iron gray mare, about 14 hands, natural pacer and paces with will, remarkably slender bodied, and small limbs. In New London, Chester County — bay horse, about 14 hands; paces naturally. Near city ; bay gelding, about 14 hands, natural pacer, and black gelding that paces. Off the Common in Philadelphia — large sorrel horse, 14 or 15 hands, large star and long switch tail. In Philadelphia — likely large dark brown horse, paces very swift, shod before only, branded, neck worn bare with collar, being a cart horse. In city ; bay horse of middle size, paces a little. In Chester — large bay horse, about eight years old, paces weU and is a good saddle horse of fine spirit. In city ; small bay mare with star, natural pacer. In Philadelphia — brown gelding, 15 hands, natural pacer, and black mare with star, 14 hands, natural pacer. In Chester County — white mare, nine years old 12 or 13 hands, saddle marks. Also black mare, 14 hands, natural pacer. In New Brunswick — bay horse between 14 and 15 hands, hind feet white. In Philadelphia — gray mare, 13 hands, five years old. In East Bradford — large bay horse, little white, natural pacer. A lively young draft horse, near 15 hands, gray, four years old last grass. In Philadelphia — natural pacing gray mare, about 14 hands. In New Hanover, N. J. — dark brown gelding, about 14^ hands, mostly inclined to trotting but can go a traveling pace. In city; sorrel horse with blaze and white feet, five years old, 13 hands, natural pacer. In Goshen, Chester County — small bay mare, paces a little, and in Merion, a black horse, 13 hands. Here are seventy-three horses mentioned. The heights of thirty-seven are given, and thirty-one are fourteen hands or under, six are more than fourteen hands, and fifteen hands is the limit. The gaits of forty-two are given, and thirty-nine have the pacing gait, five of these trot also, and three do not pace. These figures are worth any amount of guess-work and specula- tion as to the size and gait of the horses of Pennsylvania about 1740. They were mostly small and a great majority were pacers. The cause of this small size is not far to seek. In Kalin's Travels (1748), page 80, he says, speaking of Philadelphia and vicinity : "The cattle here are neither housed in winter nor tended in the fields. They were originally brought from Europe ; they augmented by degrees and have become smaller. For the cows, horses, sheep and hogs are all larger in Ixviii THE HORSES OF AMERICA England, though those that are brought over are of that breed. But the first generation decreases a little, and the third and fourth are of the same size with the cattle already common here. The chmate, the soil and the food altogether contribute their share toward producing this change." In truth the lack of food and shelter in winter explains it all. For, since in later generations, these necessary evils have been remedied, the lusty and stalwart live stock of Pennsylvania has demonstrated that her climate and soil were no factor in such belittling result. As early as 1726, the grand jury presented a protest against the usual custom of horse racing at fairs in the streets " as it is very dangerous to life." This is from Watson's Annals of Philadelphia, who further says : " A letter of Dr. William Shippen, of 1745, which I have seen, to George Barney (cele- brated for procuring good horses), says : * I want a genteel carriage horse of about fifteen hands, round bodied, full of courage, close ribbed, not a swift pacer if that must enhance his price. I much liked the pacer you procured for James Logan.' " Formerly livery stables (things of modern introduction) were not in use. They who depended upon hire were accustomed to procure them of such persons as had frequent uses for a horse in their business, who to diminish the expenses occasionly hired them to their acquaintances. It was in the sixties and later that the sporting men of Philadelphia entertained their friends from New York and elsewhere by matching them with thoroughbreds on the Center Course in the former cit)'. Mr. J. A. Sturns in an article in the New York Sun says : " In October, 1769, James De Lancey's famous bay horse, Lath, brought home the ^100 purse, beating with ease in two straight heats the Irish horse, Northumberland, and William McGill's bay horse. Nonpareil. This was over the old Center Course at Philadelphia. In May, 1773, Capt. De Lancey's bay mare. Sultana, carried off the Whim purse of ;^5o, run for at Philadelphia, beating Col. Lloyd's bay horse, Slow-and-Easy and Mr. Patterson's Gimcrack ; and the day following, his mare, Slamerkin took off the City purse of ^^o from horses of the same stables. And again the next year the Jockey Club Plate of ;^ioo was won by James De Lancey's Slamerkin, and the ;^5o purse by his cousin, John De Lancey's black horse, Auctioneer." Among the early horses advertised for service in Pennsylvania, in the Gazette, we note the following : 1 75 3-' 5 4 — Young Tifter, by Tifter, son of Tifter of Warwick, Eng., he by Toulouse Barb : dam Primrose, by Dimple, etc. Bred by Charles O'Neil, Stain's Castle, Ireland ; advertised by George Goodwin, late of York, England. 1762 — Heart of Oak, by Shock, a full blooded English horse : dam half blooded. Bred in Virginia. 1763 — Hero, black, by John Bryson's Monticue, son of imported Asset : 4am by old Peacock. Bred by E. Holmes, Connecticut. " A neat Hackney." 1763 — Westover, by Valiant. PENNSYLVANIA HORSE ADVERTISEMENTS Ixix 1763 — Crab, by Othello : dam by Spark. 1765 — Ravere, by Telemachus : dam a mare of Mr. De Lancey's of New York. 1767 — Hector, by Ariel : dam by Spark, 1769-70 — Whitenose, bred in New England; advertised by Jacob Heltzheimer who states that he is 15 hands, and is more likely to get good saddle horses than any liorse in the Province. i767-'69~'7o — Belsize Arabian, gray, by Moresah. "A genuine Arab of superior form, full size, great strength and admirable beauty." 1767 — Bohemian, gray, by Othello : dam full blooded, byColville Horse. 1767 — Jolly Chester, by True Briton : dam by Othello. Bred by Bene- dict Calout. 1768-71 — Northumberland (Irish Gray), gray, 15 hands, by Old Eng- land, son of Godolphin Arabian : dam by Crab, etc. Bred by Lord Mazerine, Ireland, and imported with full sister by Mr. Crow. " Strong, bony and beautiful. Won with ease last fall." (Advertised for sale, 1769). i768-'7o — Juniper, by Babraham, son of Godolphin Arabian: dam by Stamford Turk. Bred in England and imported to Williamsburg, Va., by Col. Symms, who sold him for ;^2000 Virginia currency. Advertised by Jacob Heltzheimer. 1772 — Lightfoot, brown, 15 hands. "A Bucks County stallion and one of the swiftest of pacers." 1772 — Dreadnaught, chestnut, by old Traveler. Advertised in Philadel- phia by Jacob Heltzheimer. 1774-75 — Lofty, by Young Partner. Imported in 1774. 1775 — Britain, a full blood bay, etc. Pedigree not given. 1776 — Ranter, by Anthony Waters' brown horse, called the Little Horse : dam bred in New England. Advertised by Titus Bennett, who describes him as dark bay with star and one white foot, 1534^ hands, neatly limbed and well breasted, rising exceedingly well before. " His sire scarce ever met with his match in swift pacing." 1782 — Fearnaught, by King Herod. 1783 — Imported Pacolet. 1784 — Gray Figure, by Figure : dam by Dove. 1788-89 — Young, Governor, bay, 15^ hands, "an Irish Hunter," im- ported in 1788 with Messenger. In May, 1788, appears the first advertisement of the famous imported Messenger, announcing that he is •' just imported." He was kept in Philadel- phia the seasons of 1788 and 1789, and in Bucks County in 1791, 1792 and 1793 — the intervening season, 1790, he was in New Jersey, and in the autumn of 1793 he was purchased by Henry Astor of New York and taken there. For further information of Messenger, including the races which he won compiled from various sources, see American Stallion Register, Vol. II., pp. cii-cvi, and pages 673-683 of this volume. In 1805 — A dapple bay, 16 hands, imported, got by Paymaster, is adver- Ixx THE HORSES OF AMERICA tised. Also Superior, a bay, i6 hands, by Mercury, by imported Apollo. Also Highflyer, an imported bay horse, 15^ hands, by old Highflyer. In 1807 — We find Independence, a bay, 16 hands, by imported Paymaster. In 1809 — Merry Andrew, a bay, 16 hands, whose grandsire was imported Rockingham. Ethiopian, a black, 1 6 hands, tracing his pedigree to imported Granby. Flamingo, a sorrel, 153^ hands, whose grandsire was imported Eclipse; and Young Badger, a gray 16 hands, descended from Apollo. In 1 8 10 — Gray Medley, gray, 15 hands, by imported Medley was here. In 181 1 — A great black horse, Nebuchadnezzar, 17 hands. The Lancaster Intelligencer in referring to the above horses, says : "All these appear to have been thoroughbreds unless two or three im- ported described as hunters were otherwise, and the number of them in our midst renders it unquestionable that the horses of our country, were largely admixed with their blood ; and it is a fair presumption that the Conestoga draft horse is indebted to such large, full-bred animals as Nebuchadnezzar, Tally Ho and North Star for some share of its fame. There are however four or five draft horses refened to as sires, in the latter part of the century, which we take to have been the type and progenitors of the Conestoga horse. "What their pedigree was we do not ascertain, as they are themselves only mentioned as the sires of the horses advertised. One was called Chester Ball, he is named as the sire of Rockingham, bay, a horse 16^ hands high, bred in Rockingham County, Va., that was kept here in 1804. Chester Ball is also named as the sire of Manor Brown, a draft horse of 16 hands, kept by Thomas Evans of Lampeter in [809 ; his dam being also from a "Ball" mare raised by Christian Stehman of Manor township, a family which by the way when they first settled on the Conestoga, about 1730, spelled their name Stoneman. English Ball, is the name given to the sire of a brown horse of 16 hands, called Farmer's Favorite which was here in 1805. The grandam of Favorite was an Esopus mare, and his dam was by Chester Lion. We are uncertain whether or not there was a confusion of names here and whether Chester Ball and English Ball were one or two horses, probably they were distinct and Ball was added to the name of each because it was the name of a celebrated progenitor of the strain. English Ball is described as an im- ported draft horse. With Chester Lion we have three sires of Conestoga horses recalled to us, and in King Herod we have a fourth. King Herod also called Stumpy, is given as the sire of Prince Herod, a horse 17 hands high and seven feet two inches in girth, three years old in 1804, his dam being by old Albany Brown, that makes a fifth of the last century Conestoga stock horses. We have still another that mingles the Canadian blood with Cones- toga stock. In 1803, Abraham Kendig at the Conestoga, formerly Swenk's Bridge, one mile from Lancaster, kept a horse called Canada Lion, got by a Canadian horse, his dam being by old Chester Lion. Canada Lion we are told, was well known in " the team of Mr. James Cochran of Big Chiques. He is a beautiful black, with brown nose and flanks, three white feet, and a PENNSYLVANIA HORSE ADVERTISEMENTS Ixxi star; he is eight years old (1803), 15^^ hands high, strong and active, and moves well. His whole appearance and performance as a leader is supposed to be superior to any horse in the State." We find standing in Lancaster County, during the last century, imported English thoroughbreds and hunters, and also English draft horses ; since the imported draft horse, English Ball must have taken his name from his country. We also had the Canadian horse ; and the product of the cross of this blood with that of old Chester Lion, is averred to have been an animal superior to any horse in the State as a leader in a Conestoga team. The "Chester" stock may have been English but most probably the name was given to the horse because the stock origin- ally came from Chester County, or possibly it may have been here prior to 1730, when Lancaster was still a part of Chester County. The suggestion that the Flemish horse was one of the originators of the Conestoga horse is quite plausible since it is reasonable to suppose that the original settlers of this country from Holland and Germany, brought with them their stock of horses. We believe however, that this presumption, taken with the fact that the Conestoga horse resembled the Flemish in weight, affords the only ground for attributing his origin in part to this stock. The origin of the Conestoga is enveloped in obscurity, mainly from the fact we imagine, that there is no one definite origin to which he is really due. He was probably the result of careful breeding for a series of years, to produce a horse that would best supply the requirements of our people under these circumstances. They needed a horse for the team, an animal capable of drawing a heavy load over bad roads, steadily and speedily. They wanted a horse that was strong, active and spirited ; which would travel off before a load with a quick step, not readily tiring, and with plenty of reserved power for mud hole exigencies. " They created just what they wanted in the Conestoga horse ; they created him out of the famous stocks which we find they had among them. We see that they had seventeen-hand English thoroughbreds and hunters ; likewise the English draft horse ; probably also the Flemish horse ; certainly the Cana- dian. And with these materials and a knowledge of what they wanted, it is not surprising that they were so successful in attaining it. What we have stated concerning the early horses of the country we have obtained from a hasty glance over the early files of our newspapers." Our examination of newspaper files back to an earlier date has given us some suggestive information in addition to what is cited by the editor of the Lancaster InteUigencer. The Gazette of 1773 gives us the advertisement of JOLLY ROGER An English dray horse, 17 hands, foaled in Lincolnshire, Eng., and im- ported by Col. Francis to Pennsylvania, where he is advertised to be kept in Chester County, 1773, and in Gloucester County, 1777. Several sons of his are also advertised in Chester County, 17 75-76-7 7. Another son called Tom Jolly, brown with star and snip, i6j^ hands, foaled 1772 : dam an imported dray mare is advertised in Bucks County, Ixxii THE HORSES OF AMERICA Pennsylvania, 1777. It would appear from this that about 1770 there were several Lincolnshire dray horses imported to Pennsylvania. Now the Lincoln- shire draft horses were long famous in England, and the breed is said to have sprung from Flemish animals brought in to do the heavy work of draining the Lincolnshire fens. No doubt their blood entered into the Conestoga horses and helped to make them famous. In 1775 Mr. Allen advertised Chatham to be kept in Chester County at twenty shiUings, and said : " He is the noted Bucks County Ball, bay, good size; colts frequently selling from ;;^5o to ;z^ioo." He also advertised the same year a general Hackney horse of the New England breed, brown, and excellently gaited. J. Richardson in 17 71 advertised the horse Gallant, as follows : " Gallant the noted Sopus Horse for getting fine colts allowed to be one of the finest country bred horses in America, bay with star, black mane and tail, mealy nose, walks, trots and carries equal to any of his blood ; to be kept in Phila- delphia County ; twenty shillings the mare." These show other possible elements of the Conestoga. The " Sopus Horse " is probably short for Esopus. The Balls must have been a family ; the names, English Ball, Chester Ball, Huestis' Ball, Bucks County Ball, can be in no other way explained. The bay horse, Chester Ball, i6i^ hands, foaled 1S03, is advertised at Nash- ville, Tenn., 1808, where it is stated that he was got by the full bred dray, Chester Ball of Pennsylvania. The Conestogas seem to have been at the height of their popularity about the beginning of the present century. In Oliphant's History of United States, Edinburg, 1800, speaking of Pennsylvania horses, the author says: "The best for teams are bred in Lancaster County." For further information of these horses see Vol. I., page 578. "Views of Society and Manners in America," by an English woman. New York, 1821, thus pleasantly speaks of the horses in Philadelphia : " I observed in the carts and wagons standing in and around the market place the same full fed, well rubbed, healthy looking horses, that have so often attracted my attention throughout the country. Truly I do not remem- ber to have seen a starved horse since I landed. The animals seem to share the influence of wholesome laws with their masters. When a man feeds his horse well, it only shows that he has the wherewithal to purchase provender. When he uses him gently and guides him by the voice instead of the whip it shows that he has good sense and humanity ; good sense if he considers his own ease ; humanity if he considers that of the animal. It is a pretty thing to see a horse broken in this country. It is done entirely by gentleness. A word or a whistle sets the horse to his full speed, whether in the carriage, the dearborn or the stage. Only once do I remember to have seen a- whip used, any more than to crack it above the horses, and that was by a European." MARYLAND. Ah doubly blest ! on native verdure laid, Whose fields support him, and whose arbours shade ; In his own hermitage in peace resides, Fann'd by his breeze, and slumb'ring by his tides ; Who drinks a fragrance from paternal groves, Nor lives ungrateful for the life he loves. — Dr. Church. MARYLAND, which has been aptly styled the garden of America, did not remain long unpeopled after the Colony of Virginia had become firmly established. Prior to 1632, a trading station was established by William Clayborne of Virginia, upon Kent Island on Chesapeake Bay. Clay- borne kept up for several years after Lord Baltimore's colony was founded, a contest with the colony in which he was at last unsuccessful. The charter of Maryland constituted the first proprietary government established in America. It was obtained by Sir George Calvert, first Lord Baltimore ; but he died before receiving the charter, and it was issued by Charles I., to the second Lord Baltimore, son of the first, on June 20, 1632. The next year (1633), he got together in England a company of two hundred colonists whom he sent to Maryland, under the command of Leonard Calvert, his brother. They settled at St. Mary's, March 27, 1634. The first legislative assembly, which was composed of all the freemen of the province, met in February, 1635. The Baltimores were Catholics, and Maryland was designed to be a place of refuge of English Catholics, but from the earliest period, religious tolerance for all Christians, was proclaimed and practiced. In 1688, Maryland became a royal colony, and so remained until 17 14, when upon the death of the third Lord Baltimore, his son, who was a Protestant, was recognized as the proprie- tary. The province was governed by the Baltimores until the Revolution of 1776. The charter of Maryland, included all of Delaware and a large part of Pennsylvania. The grant to William Penn, of the latter province, in 1681, conflicted with that of Maryland, and in 1682, a controversy began between the two colonies which was not concluded until 1760, when the Penn party prevailed. A letter from America, by William Eddis, London, 1792, dated Annap- olis, Nov. 2, 1 77 1, says : " Our races which are just concluded continued four days and afforded excellent amusement to those who are attached to the pleasures of the turf ; Ixxiv THE HORSES OF AMERICA and surprising as it may appear, I assure you there are few meetings in Eng- land belter attended, or where more capital horses are exhibited. " In order to encourage the speed of the noble animal a jockey club has been instituted, consisting of many principal gentlemen in this and the adjacent provinces, many of whom have imported from Britain at a very great expense horses of high reputation. " In America the mild beauties of the autumnal months amply compen- sate for the present heat of summer and the rigid severity of winter. " Nothing could exceed the charming serenity of the weather during these races ; in consequence of which there was a prodigious concourse of spectators and considerable sums were depending upon the contests of each day. " On the first day a purse of one hundred guineas was run for, free only for members of the club ; and on the three following days subscription purses of fifty pounds each." Advertisements of pacing stallions show the existence and propagation of this breed throughout the country. At the same time after the English thoroughbred' began to be introduced his popularity was evidently great, and in a few years or say after 1760, and more especially after the Revolution, a far greater number of these horses or their descendants, full or part bred, are advertised than of the native stock. Skinner's Turf Register, September 10, 1829, says : "In 1763 or '64, Wildair, foaled 1753, arrived in Maryland consigned to Col. Joseph Sims for Mr. De Lancey of New York. Before he was carried to New York one of Col. Sims' mares was in foal by him, and produced Sims' Wildair, which was the first colt of his get in America." (^Advertisements from Alaryland Gazette.') 1776 — Sprightly and Careless. Strayed or stolen natural pacers, 14 to 15 hands. 1776 — Wildair (Sims'). Will be kept this season at the head of West River; terms, $300, and $10 to the groom; the money to be paid at time of service. He is a dark bay, upwards of fifteen hands and a half high, he was got by Mr. De Lancey's imported horse Wildair, his dam by Ariel, his grandam by Othello, his great-grandam a Barb ; his sire was by old Cade, grandsire by the Godolphin Arabian. N. B. — Pasturage at ten dollars a week, but I will not be answerable for losses. John Jones. 1779 — Traveler, 16 hands, the property of Hon. Edward Lloyd, to be kept four miles from Annapolis. Saim. Cackayne. 1783 — Traveler, the property of Col. Edward Lloyd, will be kept this season at my place on the Potomac, service fee three guineas. The high pedigree of this horse are so well known that they need no particular descrip- tion. Henry Roger. MARYLAND HORSE ADVERTISEMENTS Ixxv 17S9 and 1790 — Jolly Roger, black, 15 hands, by the noted coach horse Sterling : dam a remarkably fine Tom mare ; in Anne Arundel County. Ariel, by Tanner ; Badger ; Union and Arabian, in Prince George County. 1790 — Hyder Ally, by the noted Arabian, dappled gray, foaled 1781, 15-3 hands; dam by Othello ; 2d dam by Spot; 3d dam by Cartouch ; 4th dam by Traveler — Sedbury — Childers. 1791 — Dauphin, by Lloyd's Traveler. 1793 — Imported Paymaster. Rufifian, bay, well marked with white, 14^ hands, rising six years old. Has little to recommend him except the excellence of the strain from which he was bred, and his ability to perform more riding with greater ease to the rider than any horse heretofore known in Maryland. Henry Hall Dorsey, 1793 — Sultan, white, by Arabian. For quite complete information of stallions imported into Maryland, and their progeny, see Vol, IT., pp. Ixxx-lxxxix. VIRGINIA. What constitutes a State ? Not high raised battlement or labored mound, Thick wall or moated gate : Nor cities proud, with spires and turrets crowned : Not bays and broad-armed ports. When, laughing at the storm, rich navies ride : Not starred and spangled courts. When low-browed baseness wafts perfume to pride. No : — Men, high-minded Men. — Sir William Jones. IT is supposed that Sebastian Cabot sailed into Chesapeake Bay in 1498, and that that intrepid discoverer and his co-voyagers were the first Europeans who saw the shores of Virginia proper. It was nearly a century later when, in 1584, the neighboring coasts were visited by the ships of Sir Walter Raleigh, in the expedition which resulted in the sending out of his colonists to what is now the shore of North Carolina (then included in the great tract which was called Virginia), whither from 1585 to 1587, he sent fi.ve fleets, and where he planted three small colonies, which disappeared one after another in a short time, leaving no trace. In April, 1607, three small vessels that had left England to found a colony in America, while exploring the unknown coast were accidentally blown into the mouth of Chesapeake Bay. They had been sent out by Sir Thomas Gates and Company, and among them was the famous Captain John Smith. With about 140 colonists they established the first permanent English settlement in America which they named Jamestown in honor of their king. This colony very nearly perished in its first year. Capt. Smith's account says : "There were never Englishmen left in a foreign country, in such misery as we were in this new discovered Virginia. We watched every third night, lying on the bare, cold ground and worked all the next day, which brought our men to be most feeble watchers. Our food was but a small can of barley sodden in water, to five men a day. Our drink, cold water taken out of the river, which was at flood very salt, at low tide full of slime and filth, which was the destruction of many of our men." Out of 105 colonists living on the 22d of June, 1607, all but 38 perished before the next 8th of January. Most had died by disease induced by exposure, and lack of proper food and wholesome drink. But some had perished at the hands of the savages, notably Smith's three companions in his expedition up the Chickahominy in December, 1607, to procure corn. EARLY HISTORY OF VIRGINIA Ixxvii Two, Robinson and Emery, were killed while sleeping by their camp fire, and another, George Cassin, was captured and tortured to death, by the hunters of Opecanchanough, brother of Powhatan. Smith himself, was taken, but escaped death and was returned to the settlement through the intercession of Pocahontas, of which the oft told story is one of the most thrilling episodes in history, upon which some recent wiseacres have attempted to cast doubt, but the essential truth of which is firmly established. After this adventure, Capt. John Smith was the leader of the surviving colonists, and managed their desperate affairs with consummate energy and skill. He explored the Chesapeake and its surroundings (with only i8 men), compelled Opecanchanough and his overwhelming band to furnish corn to the starving settlers, and led the few survivors through to August, 1609. Before that date the London Company had been formed, and had been en- dowed by James I. with a grant of a sea front of 400 miles (300 north and 200 south from Point Comfort) all islands within 100 miles of the coast, and all the country back from this 400 miles of frofitage throughout froin sea to sea. August II, 1609, there arrived at Jamestown from the London Company, nine ships with 500 emigrants, and the terribly needed supplies. On the 4th of October following, Capt. John Smith was seriously injured by an accidental explosion of gunpowder, and was sent back to England, never to return to the colony of which he was virtually the founder. The next winter, known as " the starving time," was even more terrible than the first, two years before. Of 490 colonists in October, 1609, all but sixty had perished by the following March. Two of the survivors, Richard Pots and William Phettiplace, ex- pressed in print as early as 16 12 their estimate of Smith in these words : "What shall I say? But thus we lost him, that in all his proceedings made justice his first guide and experience his second, ever hating baseness, sloth, pride and indignity more than any dangers ; that never allowed more for himself than his soldiers with him ; that upon no danger would send them where he would not lead them himself ; that would never see us want what he either had or could by any means get us ; that would rather want than borrow, or starve than not pay ; that loved actions more than words, and hated false- hood and cozenage more than death ; whose adventures were our lives and whose loss our deaths." Among the various domestic animals brought from England to Jamestown by this expedition, arriving August 11, 1609, were six mares and a horse. This is the first known importation of horses from England to the territory now occupied by the United States, the only horses that are known to have come thither earlier having been brought by the Spaniards. But it is evident that none of these seven animals survived the v/inter following their arrival, the starvation winter of 1609-10. Capt. John Smith at London in 1624, published his "General History of Virginia," etc., in which it appears from statements made by survivors, that during that awful winter all the domestic animals in the colony were devoured, even to the skins of the horses. It does not appear when the next horses were sent, but it was long before they became numerous, though the colony survived and the importations of horses were doubtless from England. Ixxviii THE HORSES OF AMERICA " A Perfect Description of Virginia" was published in London in 1649, but it does hot appear just when the table of live stock therein was made out, probably near the time of publication. In that table it is stated that in the colony, there are of an excellent race, about two hundred horses and mares. In one of Force's Historical Facts — "A True Relation of Virginia and Mary- land, by Nathaniel Sprigley, 1669." it is stated that there are of English cattle plenty of Cows, Bulls, Oxen, Sheep, Goats, Swine, Horses ; and all manner of English Poultry. Another on Baevis Rebellion in Virginia (1675-76) states that Baevis sent out parties oi horses through every county. A letter from John Clayton in Virginia, 1688, says: "But now among the English inhabi- tants there are good store of horses, though they are very negligent and care- less about the breed. Such as these are, there are good store, and as cheap or cheaper than in England — worth about five pounds apiece. They never shoe them nor stable them in general. Some few gentlemen may be more curious but it is very rare ; yet they ride pretty sharply ; a planter's pace is a proverb : which is a good sharp hand gallop. The Indians have not yet leurnt to ride, only the King of Pomonkie has got three or four horses for his own saddle and an attendant; which I think should in nowise be in- dulged, for I look on the allowing them horses much more dangerous than even guns and powder." In Oldmixon's British Empire in America (London, 1708) it is stated that at the time of that writing there were in Virginia hght horse militia to the number of 2363. The following is from an English Traveler : " Great crowds were assembled at Petersburgh, Va., to see the horse races which take place four or five times in the year. Horse racing is a favorite amusement in Virginia, and is carried on with spirit in different parts of the State. The best bred horses which they have are imported from England but still some of those raised at home are very good. They usually nm for purses made up by subscription. "The horses in common use in Virginia are all of a light description chiefly adapted for the saddle ; some of them are handsome, but they are for the most part spoiled by the false gaits which they are taught. The Virginians are wretched horsemen as indeed are most of the Americans I ever met with. They set with their toes under the horse's nose, their stirrups being left ex- tremely long, and the saddle put three ar four inches forward on the mane. "A trot is odious to them and they express the utmost astonishment at a person who can like the uneasy gait as they call it. The favorite gaits which all their horses are taught are a pace and a rack. In the first the animal moves his two feet on one side at the same time and gets on with a sort of shuffling motion, being unable to spring from the ground on those two feet as in a trot. We should call this an unnatural gait, as none of our horses would ever move in this manner without a rider ; but the Americans insist upon it that it is Otherwise, because many of their foals pace as soon as born. These kind of EARLY HISTORY OF VIRGINIA Ixxix horses are called " natural pacers," and it is a matter of the utmost difficulty, to make them move in any other manner but it is not one horse in five hun- dred that would pace without being taught. In the rack the horse gallops with his fore-feet and trots with those behind. This is a gait equally devoid of grace with the other, and equally contrary to nature ; it is very fatiguing also to the horse ; but the Virginian finds it more condusive to his ease than a fair gallop, and this circumstance banishes every other consideration. "The party of Indians that arrived whilst we were at Chimney Point (Vt.), were from the Caughnawaga village (Canada) and at their head was Capt. Thomas. They had along with them thirty horses and a quantity of furs." In travels through North America in 1759 and 1760, by the Rev. Andrew Burnaby, London, 1798, the writer says of Virginia: "The horses are fleet and beautiful; and the gentlemen of Virginia who are exceedingly fond of horse racing have spared no expense or trouble to improve the breed of them by importing great numbers from England." From travels through the interior parts of America, by an officer, Lon- don, 1789. Writing from Charlottsville, Va., under date of May 12, 1779* the author says : " A few days ago I went with several officers to see a diversion particular to this country, termed quarter racing, which is a match between two horses to run a quarter of a mile in a straight direction, and near most of the villages there is a piece of ground cleared in the woods for that purpose, where there are two paths about six or eight yards asunder which the horses run in. This diversion is a great favorite of the middling and lower classes and they have a breed of horses to perform it with astonishing velocity, beating any other at that distance with the greatest ease. I think I can without the least exag- geration assert that even the famous Eclipse could not exceed them in speed, for our horses are sometime before they are able to get into full speed, and these are trained to set out in that manner the moment of starting. It is the most ridiculous amusement imaginable, for if you happen to be looking another way, the race is terminated before you can turn your head ; notwith- standing which considerable sums are bet at these matches. " We stayed and saw several and then returned. These races are only among the settlers in the interior parts of the Province, for they are much laughed at and ridiculed by the people in the lower parts, about Richmond and other great towns ; at Williamsburg is a very excellent course for two, three or four mile heats, where there are races every Spring and Fall ; they run for purses which are generally raised by subscription, and the horse that wins two four-mile heats out of three is entitled to the prize, which is one hundred pounds the first days' running and fifty pounds every other day, and these races commonly last a week ; at which some capital horses are started, that would make no contemptible figure at Newmarket. " The heat of the weather is at present intense, and renders travel un- pleasant, especially on horseback. The inhabitants jog on in a vehicle called Ixxx THE HORSES OF AMERICA a sulky, a kind of one horse chaise, but constructed just large enough to con- tain one person ; they say they are not so fatiguing to the horse as a person riding on its back. In traveling on horseback you must either walk or gallop your horse, as the motion of trotting is too fatiguing for yourself and beast." From Travels in North America, by the Marquis de Chastellux, 1780, -'81 and —'82, translated, London, 1787, is the following account of an interview in Virginia with a North Carolina Farmer : " It was a natural question to ask such a cultivator what could bring him four hundred miles from home, and we learned from him that he carried on the trade of horse selling, the only commerce of which his country was sus- ceptible, and by which people in the most easy circumstances endeavored to augment their fortunes. In fact their animals multiplied very fast in a country where there is abundant pasture ; and as they are conducted without any expense by grazing on the road, they become the most commodious article of exportation for a country so far from any road to commerce." Translator adds in note : " Considerable quantities of peltry are likewise brought from these parts of North Carolina ; and I have met with strings of horses ladened with that article passing through Virginia to Philadelphia from the distance of six hundred miles." At ah inn, eight miles from the Natu.'ral Bridge, in Virginia he says : " One of my fellow travelers invited me to go and see a very fine stallion that a young man had brought upwards of eighty miles to serve mares, the price being twenty shillings Virginia currency, which is much less than is paid in other parts of Virginia. " Great attention is paid to the breed of blood horses in the southward and particularly in Virginia, and many race horses are annually sent from England to serve as stallions. There were two or three in the stables of one Bates near Philadelphia which I have seen win plates in England." Speaking of the Virginians : " If they sometimes dissipate their fortunes it is by gaming, hunting and horse races ; but the latter are of some utility inasmuch as they encourage the breeding of horses, which are really very handsome in Virginia." From Tour in the United States, by J. and D. Smith, London, 1784, Vol. I., p. 20, describing Virginia : " There are races at Williamsburg every spring and fall. Adjoining to the town is a very excellent race course for two, three or four mile heats. " Their purses are generally raised by subscription and are gained by the horse that wins two four-mile heats, out of three, they amount to one hundred pounds each for the first days' running and fifty pounds each every day after, the races commonly continuing for a week. There are also matches and sweepstakes often for considerable sums. Besides these at Williamsburg there are races established annually almost in every town and considerable place in Virginia ; and frequent matches on which large sums of money depend, the inhabitants almost to a man being devoted to the diversion of horse racing. EARLY HISTORY OF VIRGINIA Ixxxi " Very capital horses are started here such as would make no despisable figure at Newmarket, nor is their speed, bottom or blood inferior to their appearance ; the gentlemen of Virginia, sparing no pains, trouble or expense, in importing the best stock and improving the excellence of the breed by proper and judicious crossing. Indeed nothing can be more elegant and beautiful than the horses bred here, either for the turf, the field, the road or the coach, and they have fine, long, full flowing tails ; but their carriage horses are seldom possessed of that weight and power which distinguishes those of the same kind in England. Their stock is from old Cade, old Crab, old Partner, Regulus, Babraham, Bosphorus, Devonshire, Childers, the Cullen Arabian, etc., in England, and a horse from Arabia named the Bellsize, which was im- ported into America and is now in existence. " In the northern part of the Colony, and in North Carolina, they are much attached to quarter racing which is always a match between two horses to run one-fourth of a mile straight out ; being merely an exhibition of speed ; and they have a breed that perform it with extraordinary velocity, beating any other for that distance, with great ease ; but they have no bottom. How- ever I am confident that there is not a horse in England, nor perhaps the whole world, that can excel them in rapid speed : and these likewise make excellent saddle horses for the road. The Virginians of all ranks and denom- inations are exceedingly fond of horses and especially those of the race breed. " The gentlemen of fortune expend great sums on their studs, generally keeping handsome carriages and several elegant sets of horses, as well as others for the race and road ; even the most indigent person has his saddle horse which he rides to every place and to every occasion ; for in this country no one walks on foot the smallest distance except when hunting : indeed a man will frequently go five miles to catch a horse to ride only one mile upon afterwards. In short their horses are their pleasure and their pride." And again speaking of Virginia gentlemen of best families : " The greatest numbers of them keep their carriages and have handsome services of plate ; but they all, without exception, have studs, as well as sets of elegant and beautiful horses." And describing a horseback tour in Virginia : " Having found a fine plantation, the seat of Mr. Willis, a man of fortune and proprietor of the original stock of extraordinary swift horses for which this part of America is noted, that vanquish all others in quarter racing, etc." From "Voyage dans 1' Int^rieur des Etats Unies," by Ferdinand M. Bayard, 1791, describing scenes near the warm springs, Virginia : " Les femmes monte^s sur de tres beaux cheveaux Virginiens se pro- voquaient a la course. Comment elles voyagent sortant a cheval, qu' elles descendent des montaignes rapides, traversent des fleuves, et que dans I'age le plus tendre on les a exposees a toute la fougue des coursiers tres-vites, elles sont adroites et intrepides." From Travels through North America, by Isaac Weld, i795-'96-'97. Vol. I., p. 185: Ixxxii THE HORSES OF AMERICA " Great crowds were assembled at Petersburg, Va., to see the horse races which take place four or five times in the year. Horse racing is a favorite amusement in Virginia and is carried on with spirit in different parts of the State. The best bred horses which they have are imported from England but still some of these raised at home are very good. They usually run for purses made up by subscription." Oliphant's History of the United States, Edinburgh, 1800, says of Vir- ginia, p. 305 : " In this State the inhabitants have taken much pains to breed good horses, and have succeeded in it beyond any of the other States. One thou- sand pounds sterling has been known to be given for one good bred horse. Horse racing has had a great tendency to encourage the breeding of good horses, as it affords an opportunity of putting them to the trial of their speed. The horses here are more elegant and will perform more service than the horses of the Northern States." Probably the first English thorougbred introduced into this country was Bulrock, imported to Virginia in 1730, as stated in J. S. Skinner's Essay on the Horse. A communication from Virginia in the American Farmer of Feb. 27, 1829, regarding the growing interest in thoroughbred horses in the Southwest, says : " A Mr. Samuel Davenport of Kentucky has recently visited us, and purchased at fair prices some five or six thousand dollars' worth of horses and mares, and carried them off to the neighborhood of Lexington and Danville of that State. Among them was the celebrated little race horse Trumpator, who in all his hardly contested races has only been beaten by two nags, the celebrated running mares Ariel and Sally Hope. I have no doubt, from his unequaled performances and blood, that he will give rise, although he is a little under size, to some of the finest stock ever raised in that country. Trumpator was got by the noted running horse Sir Solomon (he by imported Tickle Toby), his dam by the imported horse Whip, from Col. Hoomes' im- ported mare Trumpetta, by Bedford. ]\Ir. Davenport also purchased of Mr. William R. Johnson his celebrated race colt Snow Storm, a first-rate racer, and from one of our very best bred mares. He was only beaten once and then when out of order, by the aforesaid Sally Hope. Snow Storm was by the famous horse Contention, his dam (the dam of Aratus, Star, and others), by the imported horse Sir Harry, grandam by imported Saltram, great- grandam by Wildair — Fallow — Vampire, etc., etc. Snow Storm must be a great acquisition to the State he has gone to. He also purchased one of the finest colts ever raised in this State, called Sidi Hamet, a fine brown, and by the noted horse Virginian (he by Sir Archy, so well known as the best stallion ever in this country), his dam also by Sir Archy, from the best Arabian mare of the two sent to Mr. Jefferson, whilst President of the United States, by the Dey of Tunis, and was sold by him for the benefit of the United States, to Mr. Bushrod Washington and John W. Epps «&: Co. This surely indicates EARLY HISTORY OF VIRGINIA bcxxiii that great interest is about to pervade Kentucky, which State will be second if not first in their stock, ere long." LINDSEY S ARABIAN. A correspondent of Skinner's Turf Register, writes, dated Sept. lo, 1827 : "About the year 1777 or '78, Gen. H. Lee of the cavalry, and his ofificers, had their attention drawn to some uncommonly fine Eastern horses employed in the public service — horses of such superior form and appearance, that the above ofificers were led to make much inquiry respecting their history, and this proved so extraordinary, that Capt. Lindsey was sent to examine and make more particular inquiry respecting the fine cavalry which had been so much admired, and with instructions, that if the sire answered the description which had been given of him, the Captain was to purchase him, if to be sold. " The captain succeeded in purchasing the horse, who was taken to Vir- ginia, where he covered at a high price and with considerable success. The history of this horse, as given to me during the revolutionary war, by several respectable persons from Connectucut, at various times, is : " For some very important service, rendered by the commander of a Brit- ish frigate, to a son of the then Emperor of Morocco, the Emperor presented this horse (the most valuable of his stud) to the captain, who shipped him on board the frigate, with the sanguine expectation of obtaining a great price for him, if safely landed in England. Either in obedience to orders, or from some other cause, the frigate called at one of the English West India Islands, where being obliged to remain some time, the captain, in compassion to the horse, landed him for the purpose of exercise. No convenient securely en- closed place could be found but a large lumber yard, into which the horse was turned loose; but delighted and playful as a kitten, his liberty soon proved fatal to him. He ascended one of the piles, from which and with it he fell and broke three of his legs. At this time in the same harbour, the English captain met with an old acquaintance from one of our now Eastern States. To him he offered the horse, as an animal of inestimable value could he be cured. The Eastern Captain gladly accepted the horse, and knowing he must be detained a considerable time in the island before that he could dispose of his assorted cargo, got the horse on board his vessel, secured him in slings, and very carefully set and bound up his legs. It matters not how long he remained in the harbour, or if quite cured before he arrived on our shore, but he did arrive, and he must certainly have covered several seasons, before he was noticed as first mentioned. " When the writer of these remarks went to see the horse, his first atten- tion was to examine his legs, respecting the reported fracture, and he was fully satisfied, not merely by seeing the lumps, and inequalities on the three legs, but by actually y^^//«^ the irregularities, and projections of broken bones. Ixxxiv THE HORSES OF AMERICA " In Connecticut (I think), this horse was called Ranger, in Virginia (as it should be) he was called Lindsey's Arabian. He was the sire of Tulip and many good runners, to all his stock he gave great perfection of form ; and his blood flows in the veins of some of the best horses of the present day. Make what use you please of this statement ; I will stand corrected in my narrative, by any person who can produce better testimony respecting Lindsey's Arabian. Your obedient servant, F." Another version states that this horse was bred in England, though both agree he was of Arab descent. For importations of thoroughbred stallions into Virginia, see Vol. 11. , pp. Ixv-lxxx. NORTH AND SOUTH CAROLINA. There are emerald seas of corn and cane ; There are cotton fields like a foaming main, In the far-off South, where the sun was born, Where the fair have birth and the loves new morn. There are isles of oak and a harvest plain, Where brown men bend to the bending grain ; There are temples of God and towns new-born, And beautiful homes of beautiful brides ; And the hearts of oak and the hands of horn Have fashioned them all — and a world besides. — Miller. THE earliest attempt on the part of the English to plant a colony in America was made on the coast of North Carolina. Thither from 1585 to 1587 Sir Walter Raleigh dispatched five successive fleets from England and started three distinct colonies. The first, becoming soon discouraged, availed themselves of the fleet of Sir Francis Drake to be carried back to England, while the second was on its way to their relief. In those times all the world was at war upon the waters and the second and third colonies dis- appeared and left no trace, although it has long been believed that a portion of the colonists mingled with neighboring Indian tribes, and that their descendants survive to the present time. It was long after the last settlers were left in 1587, before these distant shores were reached by an English vessel, and then all had disappeared. Although North Carolina has almost an ideal climate, the terrors of its treacherous and stormy coast, now so well known, must have had great influence in warning away the little vessels of the sixteenth century piloted by ignorent hands through unknown waters. For reasons, among which these were doubtless potent, no further attempt was made to colonize the Carolinas until three-quarters of a century later. Thus, instead of being the first of the American colonies in point of time, the colony of Carolina came very near being the last. The southern boundary of Vir- ginia was the parallel of 37° 30'. All the country south of this limit was granted by Charles II, in 1663 and 1665 to a company of English noblemen styled the Lords Proprietors, with full powers of colonization and government. In this territory the colony of Carolina was planted by them under a new form of government, consisting of a governor appointed by the Proprietors, a legis- lative assembly elected by the freeholders, and a council of twelve, six appointed by the governor and six by the assembly. Ixxxvi THE HORSES OF AMERICA Colonists were eagerly solicited for the new " plantations " by liberal grants of lands, and by a guarantee of full religious liberty, and exemption from taxation with consent of the legislature. These favorable terms were so much in contrast with the state of things in some of the other colonies, especially in Virginia, where tithes were rigorously exacted for the support of the Established Church, dissent punished as a crime, and laws enacted which allowed only the alternative of conformity or enforced exile, that the new colony soon received a large accession of Quakers and other Dissenters. In 1669 the first legislative assembly met, and a new and remarkably liberal government was successfully organized. The next year, an attempt was made to introduce a new system of government and form of social order called the Fundamental Constitution, drawn up by the celebrated philosopher, John Locke, at the request of the Lords Proprietors ; but this and several subsequent attempts were so stoutly resisted by the colonists, that the scheme was formally abandoned in 1693. And so strong was the spirit of liberty that one of the Lords Proprietors who had been sent over as gov- ernor was deposed and exiled for extortion, and another governor with his council was imprisoned for misgovernment and infringment of the guaranteed rights of the colony, a new governor and legislature elected, and the govern- ment carried on for two years by the colonists themselves. In the meantime the southern portion of Carolina, afterwards South Carolina, began to be settled. In 1667 an expedition under Capt. William Sayle, reached Port Royal from England, and there made a settlement, but a few years later, removed to the west bank of the Ashley at a point they called Charlestown. This they soon gave up and removed to Oyster Point the present site of Charleston, about 1680. This settlement and others in the neighborhood had a steady growth. In 1729 the territory of Carolina was formerly divided into North and South Carolina. The population was then about 13,000, located mostly within fifty miles of the coast. Ten years later a great tide of emigration set in, settling the interior of the two colonies. These new comers were generally of the best classes. They came from Vir- ginia, Pennsylvania, England, Ireland, Scotland, Switzerland, Germany and Holland. In religion they were of all sects of dissenters, devoted to liberty and intolerant of tyranny or privilege. Lawson's History of Carolina, published 17 14, page i, mentions leaving the Thames in the year 1700, and further says : " On first day of May we put to sea and crossed the ocean without speak- ing any vessel except a Ketch bound from New England to Barbadoes, laden with horses, fish and provisions." Page 3, says of South Carolina : "They have a well disciplined militia; their horses (and most gentle- men are well mounted) are the best in America, and may equal any in other parts. Their stock of cattle are incredible being from one to two thousand head in one man's possession. They feed in the savannas and other grounds and need no fodder in the winter." EARLY HISTORY OF CAROLINA Ixxxvii Page 8 1. "The horses are well shaped and swift; the best of them would sell for ten or twelve pounds in England. They prove excellent drudges and will travel incredible journeys. They are troubled with very few distempers, neither do the cloudy faced gray horses go blind here as in Europe. As for spavins, splints, ringbones, they are here never met with at all as I can learn. Were we to have our stallions and choice of mares from England, or any other of a good sort, and careful to keep them on the High- lands, we would not fail of a good breed ; but having been supplied with our first horses from the neighboring plantations, which were but mean, they do not as yet come up to the excellency of the English horse ; though we gener- ally find that the colt exceeds in beauty and strength its sire and dam." A description of South Carolina, by Mr. Perry, published in Gentlemen's Magazine, 1732, says : " The cattle are very fat in Summer, but as lean in Winter, because they can find very little to eat and have no cover. The last winter being very severe almost 10,000 horned cattle died of hunger and cold. " Horses the best kind in the world are so plentiful that you seldom see anybody travel on foot, except Negj-oes, and they oftener on horseback, so that when a tailor, a shoemaker or any other tradesman is obliged to go but three miles from his home, it would be very extraordinary to see him travel on foot." From Travels through North and South Carolina, by William Bartram, in 1773, is the following concerning his trip to Florida : " A young man from St. Augustine, in the service of the Governor of East Florida accompanied us, commissioned to purchase of the Indians and traders some Spanish horses. They are the most beautiful and sprightly species of that noble creature, perhaps anywhere to be seen ; but are of a small breed and as delicately formed as the American roebuck. " The Seminole horses are said to descend originally from the Andalusian breed, brought here by the Spaniards when they first established the colony of East Florida. From the forehead to their nose is a little arched or acquil- ine and so are the fine Choctaw horses among the Upper Creeks which are said to have been brought thither from New Mexico across Mississippi by those nations of Indians who emigrated from the West beyond the river. " These horses are like the Seminole breed only larger, and perhaps not as lively and capricious. " It is a matter of conjecture and inquiry whether or not the soil and situation of the country may have contributed in some measure to forming and establishing the difference in size and other qualities betwixt them. "I have observed the bones of other animals in the high hilly country of Carolina, Georgia and Virginia, and all along our shores are of a much larger and stronger make than those which are bred in the flat country next the sea coast. " A buckskin of the Upper Creeks and Cherokees will weigh twice as Ixxxviii THE HORSES OF AMERICA heavy as those of the Seminoles or Lower Creeks and those bred in the country of California." Again in page 353 he thus discourses on South Carohna : " We crossed the rivulet ; then rising a sloping, green, turfy ascent, alighted on the borders of a grand forest of stately trees, which we penetrated on foot a little distance to a horse stamp, where was a large squadron of those useful creatures belonging to my friend and companion the trader, on the right of whom they assembled together from all quarters. * * * It was a fine sight, more beautiful creatures I never saw ; they were of all colors, sizes and dispositions. Every year as they become of age he sends ofif a troop of them down to Charlestown, where they are sold to the highest bidder." GEORGIA. Because the skies were blue, becatise The sun in fringes of the sea Was tangled, and delightfully- Kept dancing on as in a waltz. And tropic trees bowed to the seas, And bloomed and bore, years through and through, And birds in blended gold and blue Were thick and sweet as swarming bees. And sang as if in paradise, And all that paradise was spring — Did I too sing with lifted eyes Because I could not choose but sing. —Miller. GENERAL James Edward Oglethorpe, founder of the State of Georgia, was chosen member of the English parliament for Hazlemere in 1722 at the age of twenty-five years. He was not only of distinguished ability, but of the broadest sympathies, and his attention was soon turned to the wretched condition of the prisoners confined for debt in England, and also to the harrowing persecutions to which both in Great Britain and on the continent, many people were subjected on account of their religious views. For years he labored to better the condition of these unfortunates, among whom were to be found some of the noblest spirits in the land. At last he conceived the idea of founding a colony in the New World, where they might enjoy both freedom of person and liberty of opinion. Pushing this project with charac- teristic zeal and ability he procured from George II a grant by royal letters patent of the colony of Georgia, so named in honor of that monarch. He also procured a grant from the House of Commons of ^10,000 for the benefit of the colony, which was raised to ;i{^36,ooo by private subscriptions. This grant by the House of Commons was the only aid ever given to any one of the original colonies by the government of Great Britain. At that time the territory embraced in the colony of Georgia was in possession of two powerful nations of Indians, the Cherokees occupying the northern, and the Creeks, the southern portions. There is no record of its having been visited by Europeans at any time before the planting of Ogle- thorpe's settlement. He sailed into Savannah harbor in February, 1733, ^^^d landed at the present site of the city of Savannah, with one hundred and six- teen colonists. Gen. Oglethorpe soon made terms with the Creek Indians, xc THE HORSES OF AMERICA who consented that the EngUsh might dwell in peace upon the lands they had selected. The colony seems to have flourished from the start. In 1734 a small party of Bavarians came and located in what became Effingham County. In 1736 considerable numbers arrived from England, among whom were the celebrated Wesley brothers, John and Charles, the founders of Methodism. Settlements were established at Darien, Augusta and St. Simon's Island. The history of the colony continues peaceful with the exception of some hostilities between it and the Spaniards of Florida, about 1742, until 1752 when the charter was surrendered and a royal governor of the Province was appointed to act in conjunction with delegates of the people. The treaties of 1763 between England on the one part, and France and Spain on the other, extended the boundaries of Georgia to the Mississippi on the West, and to St. Marys on the South, covering nearly all the territory of the present States of Alabama and Mississippi. From this time the colony greatly increased and prospered until the breaking out of the Revolution, at which time its population was estimated at no less than 70,000. Its history during the war for Independence, when its soil was so often the battle-ground of contending armies is well known. Oxen in the South. ALABAMA, MISSISSIPPI, LOUISIANA AND TEXAS. Come to my sun land ! Come with me To the land I love, where the sun and sea Are wed forever ; where palm and pine Are filled with singers ; where tree and vine Are voiced with prophets. O come, and you Shall sing a song with the seas that swirl And kiss their hands to the cold white girl, To the maiden moon in her mantle of blue. — Miller. ALABAMA and Mississippi at the time of the treaty of 1763, were included in the Province of Georgia, and in the sketch of that colony and in the chapter of Horses of America, is suggested all that we would note as to the origin of their horses. Louisiana was alternately Spanish and French till, by purchase from Napoleon in 1803, the colony with all the vast territory to the north and west that went under the name of Louisiana, passed to the United States. Texas, in area an empire, was with Coahuila a state of the Republic of Mexico from 1821, when Mexico threw off the Spanish yoke, to 1836, when Texas became an independent Republic. In 1845 Texas was annexed to the United States. Florida was ceded to the United States by Spain in 1821. TENNESSEE. Around this lovely valley rise The purple hills of Paradise. O softly on yon banks of haze Her rosy face the Summer lays ! Becalmed along the azure sky The argosies of cloud-land lie, Whose shores, with many a shining rift, Far-off their pearl-white peaks uplift, • — Ti-owbridge» THE name of Tennessee is derived from Tannassee, the Indian name of the Uttle Tennessee River. It is said that DeSoto visited the present site of Memphis in 1549, but it was more than two hundred years later when the first settlement on Tennessee soil was attempted by white people. This was by a party from North Carolina, in 1754, but the settlers were speedily driven away by the Indians. In 1756 the first permanent settlement was made, and Fort Loudon built on the Tennessee River about thirty miles from where Knoxville now stands. This settlement was overpowered and taken by the Cherokees, incited by the French, in 1760, but the next year armed bands from Virginia and North Carolina subdued the savages and re-occupied the territory. Settlements then sprung up rapidly on the Watauga and Hols- ton Rivers, being known from 1769 to 1777 as the Watauga Association. In 1774 the Tennesseeans assisted their Virginia neighbors in Lord Dunmore's war and fought gallantly at the battle of Point Pleasant on the Kanawha, where the Indians were finally routed. In the colonial assembly of North Carolina in 1776 the territory w^as represented as the District of Washington. In the war of the Revolution the sons of Tennessee rallied to the colonial stand- ard, and distinguished themselves at King's Mountain, Guilford Court House, and other battles in the south. At the close of the war a settlement was made on the Cumberland at the present site of Nashville. From 1777 to 1784 the territory formed a part of North Carolina, which set apart a portion of the district in the vicinity of Nashville for bounty lands for her Revolutionary soldiers. In 1785 the people became dissatisfied with the way they were treated by that State, and organized the state of Franklin, which was main- tained until 1788, when it was again united with North Carolina. The next year that state ceded the territory to the General Government, and in 1790 it was organized, together with Kentucky, as the territory of the United States south of Ohio. In 1794 a territorial government was granted to Tennessee; EARLY HISTORY OF TENNESSEE xciii and in 1796 a state constitution was formed at Knoxville, and Tennessee was admitted into the miion. Singularly enough, a young man who was then travelling the rough cir- cuit of the judicial districts of the new State in the practice of law, about to become the most conspicuous character in America, distinguished ahke in the field and in the cabinet, was also to be among the leaders of the turf interests in Tennessee. This is no place for a history of the hero of New Orleans, but a slight digression will be pardoned here. Col. Thomas H. Benton, speaking of Gen. Andrew Jackson at home on his noble plantation, the Hermitage, in the wondrously fertile valley of the Cumberland, says : " His house was the seat of hospitality, the resort of friends and acquaintances and of all strangers visiting the State, and the more agreeable to all from the conformity of Mrs. Jackson's character to his own. But he needed some excitement beyond that which a farming life can afford, and found it for some years in the animating sports of the turf. He loved fine horses, racers of speed and bottom, owned several, and contested the four- mile heats with the best that could be bred or brought to the State." Mr. Bancroft, in an oration pronounced in memory of Andrew Jackson at Wash- ington in 1845, gave the departed statesman, soldier, and "lover of horses" this eulogium : " Behold the warrior and statesman, his work well done, retired to the Hermitage, to hold converse with his forests, to cultivate his farm, to gather around him hospitably his friends ! Who was like him? He was the lode-star of the American people. His fervid thoughts, frankly uttered, still spread the flame of patriotism through the American breast ; his counsels were still listened to with reverence ; and almost alone among statesmen, he in his retirement, was in harmony with every onward move- ment of his time. Age had whitened his locks and dimmed his eye, and spread around him the infirmities and venerable emblems of many years of toilsome service ; but his heart beat warmly as in his youth, and his courage was as firm as it had ever been in the day of battle. His affections were still for his friends and his country ; his thoughts were already in a better world. To the majestic energy of an indomitable will he joined a heart capa- ble of the purest and most devoted love, rich in the tenderest affections. " On the bloody field of Tohopeca he saved an infant that clung to its dying mother; in the stormiest session of his presidency, he paused at the imminent moment of decision, to counsel a poor suppliant that had come up to him for relief. Few men in private life so possessed the hearts of all around him. Few public men of this country ever returned to private life with such an abiding mastery over the affections of the people. But few men with truer instinct received American ideas. But few expressed them so com- pletely, or so boldly, or so sincerely. He was as sincere a man as ever lived. He was wholly, always, and altogether sincere and true. Up to the last he dared to do anything that it was right to do. He united personal courage with moral courage, to a remarkable degree. Not danger, not an army in battle array, not wounds, not wide-spread clamor, not age, not the anguish of disease, could impair the vigor of his steadfast mind. The heroes of antiquity would have contemplated with awe the unmatched hardihood of his character ; and Napoleon, had he possessed his disinterested will, could never have been vanquished. Jackson never was vanquished. He was always fortunate. He conquered the wilderness ; he conquered the savage ; he conquered the bravest veterans trained on the battle fields of Europe; he conquered every- where in statesmanship ; and when death came to get the mastery over him, xciv THE HORSES OF AMERICA he turned that last enemy aside as tranquilly as he had done the feeblest of his adversaries, and passed from earth in the triumphant consciousness of immortality." The early turf history of Tennessee has been written in an engaging style, by a gentlemen under the nom de plume of Albion, in a series of articles that appeared in the Spirit of the Times in 1877. By permission of the publishers, we here give these articles, though somewhat abridged. " The first thoroughbred stallion that ever was kept in Tennessee was Gray Medley. He was foaled in 1791, bred by Governor Benjamin Williams of Virginia, and sold by him to Dr. R. D. Barry of Summer County, Tennessee. He reached the latter State the latter part of 1799, or early in 1800. He was described as a beautiful dapple gray, of exquisite symmetry, and very remark- able power and consititution, rather under size, being scarcely 15 hands high, but his speed, endurance, and excellent limbs made him decidedly an acquisi- tion to the thoroughbred interests of the then new State. He made quite an impression upon the growing turf interests of the South and West, and among others that man proudly claim him in the ancestral line was the celebrated * Tonson ' family. " Madame Tonson was a grandaughter of Gray Medley, and she produced the four famous sons, well known in their day as the ' Four Tennessee Brothers,' Monsieur Tonson, Sir Richard Tonson, Sir Henry Tonson and Champion, all by General Andrew Jackson's distinguished horse Pacolet. These four great sons were ample to have forever settled the fame of Madame Tonson, for they conquered the best horses of their time, in the hardest con- tests, at all distances. The pedigree of Madame Tonson was alleged to be short, for she was by Top Gallant (the son of imported Diomed), from a daughter of Gray Medley, and she from an Oscar (imported) mare, and she from a daughter of imported Fearnaught, giving to Madame Tonson only three crosses, and her famous sons four. Sir Henry Tonson had all of the courage, strength and speed of the other three brothers; but he contracted a disease of the throat, that affected his wind and impaired his usefulness upon the turf at an early age. Heat races were the fashion then, none others were run scarcely, and he could not stand heats with his affected wind. He was, however, too much for the elder brother. Sir Richard, in a dash at any distance, and proved this in the only contest they were ever Qngaged in, which occurred at Nashville, in the fall of 1828. Sir Henry was owned by the Honorable Balie Peyton, then the young but rising statesman and turfman of that section. He was fond of the turf, but especially fond of his fine horse. Sir Henry inherited his color, a beautiful dappled gray, from the Medley or Gimcrack family, and the brothers evidently got their hard, flinty limbs, with large, flat bones, strong tendons of great substance, and sound, good feet, from the same source. If the descendants of that wonderful little horse, Gimcrack, were distinguished above other horses in any particular quality, it was for the superiority of their feet and legs, and their unconquerable courage. They all lacked size, but were powerfully built, with short, strong EARLY HISTORY OF TENNESSEE xcv * backs, round, well-ribbed bodies, on short, strong legs, with game heads, necks, and ears. In countenance, they were intelligent ; in disposition, kind, with wonderful capacity to carry weight. "Imported Medley, the sire of Gray Medley, was bred by Mr. Medley of Yorkshire, England. He was foaled in 1776, and was by Gimcrack, out of Arminda, by Snap ; second dam Miss Cleveland, by Regulus ; third dam Midge, by son of Bay Bolton ; fourth dam by Bartlett's Childers ; fifth dam by Honeywood's Arabian ; and sixth dam the dam of the two True Blues. Here was a very strong combination of the blood of celebrated horses, the Godolphin Barb (he was evidently a Barb), and his distinguished predecessor, the Darley Arabian. Medley was a fine race-horse, and made himself cele- brated on the British turf, running no less than fifteen races, of which he won nine, beating some of the best horses in England of his day. "Mr. Malcolm Hart was in England in 1783 or 1784, and purchased Medley from Mr. Watts, who then owned him, and sent him by the ship Theodoric, Captain McNabb, to America. He was carried to northern Vir- ginia, and was known as Hart's Medley. Mr. Hart, however, subsequently parted with the horse to Mr. James Wilkinson of Milbrook Plantations, South- ampton County, Va. Medley was kept here till 1792, in which year he died, aged sixteen. No horse ever imported into this country has made a greater improvement upon the thoroughbred stock of America than did Medley. Among other distinguished horses he got Gray Diomed, Tayloe's Bel Air (a first class race horse, and a great sire), Gimcrack, Lamplighter, Quicksilver, Boxer, Opcemico, Young Medley, Fitz Medley, Gray ISIedley, the Medley gray mare, and Calypso. The last named was the most celebrated race mare of her day. She continued on the turf until she was seven years old, and met the best horses in Virginia, Maryland and the Carolinas, at all distances, and was never beaten but once. On November 4, 1794, she met Purse Bearer, a celebrated horse, at Petersburg, Virginia, at four-mile heats, and he beat her, but she subsequently defeated him ; and among others, that great gray geld- ing Leviathan, the son of Flag of Truce, a horse of unquestioned merit. This alone should have fixed her reputation. " Leviathan's capacity as a weight carrier was wonderful. Colonel John Tayloe owned Calpyso, and on the evening after she beat him he purchased Leviathan, and the next day, October 3, 1798, won four-mile heats with him. He immediately made a match on him against a distinguished horse ; winning that, he was again challenged, but asked for weight. It was granted, and the match was made and won. Another challenge followed, but a still greater concession of weight was required. The terms were again acceded to, and Leviathan was again the conqueror. Finally, an extraordinary match was proposed and agreed upon between Colonel Tayloe and the owner of the celebrated horse Brimmer, to run a dash of five miles : Brimmer to carry ninety pounds, and Leviathan to carry one hundred and eighty pounds. Leviathan was eight years old, and had run more races than any horse had run up to that period in this country, and had never suffered defeat except xcvi THE HORSES OF AMERICA at the hands of Calypso. His career had been a long and brilliant series of successes. In this unequal struggle with Brimmer, run at Richmond, Va., June 13, 1801, Leviathan conquered by a head, but he was never in condition afterward — never so good a horse as he had been. The following October he won four-mile heats at Richmond against an inferior field, and three days after he met Col. John Hoome's celebrated mare Fairy, an own sister to the phenomenon Gallatin, being by imported Bedford, from imported Mambrino, in four-mile heats, and, conquered him. He was subsequently beaten at Washington City by Mr. Osborne Sprigg's celebrated horse Lee Boo, the last race he ran while owned by Colonel Tayloe. A writer says : ' Leviathan is considered by the old sportsmen of Virginia to be the very best four-mile horse we ever had in this country, and that there never was a better. He, in an eminent degree, united speed, bottom, strength and toughness. Being an immense, unwieldy colt, not promising much action, he was unfortunately gelded, which has ever been a source of deep regret. The papers respecting the pedigree of his dam have been lost ; it was only known that he was by Flag of Truce.' His dam was understood to be by imported Medley. " This gives us some idea of the merits of Calypso, for no ordinary mare could have defeated Leviathan, and Calypso was perhaps no better race horse than Bel Air, Gray Diamond, Little Medley or Gray Medley. It is not sur- prising, therefore, that the offspring of Gray Medley, should have shown the qualities we have indicated. Monsieur Tonson was never beaten except once, in mile heats, when he was only two years old, and conquered in his time Sally Walker, than whom there was scarcely a better, certainly none gamer ; Lafayette, the almost invincible Ariel, Blemheim, Gohanna, and many others fell before his invincible courage, fleet foot and great powers of en- durance. In 1826 he met Sally Walker at New Hope, Va. They were both four years old, and it was weigh for age between them in four-mile heats. A writer of the period says the track was exactly a mile by accurate survey. A large part of it was over pipe clay, was wet from recent rains, and very sticky and heavy. On the morning of the race Colonel W. R. Johnson said that if Sally Walker did not win she would make Monsieur run every inch of the ground, and so she did ; but the colt took the track at the start, and never relinquished it, winning the heat in 7 :56. In the next heat both went to work at the tap of the drum, and the jockeys used whip and spur as soon as they got off, and urged the flying steeds throughout the four miles, but the filly never passed the colt, although she ran lapped upon him nearly the whole distance. Monsieur won the heat and race in 7 :55. Col. Johnson, as soon as the race was over, said to a friend present : "Well, sir, he has beaten me ; it is the best race I ever saw, and I think the last race Monsieur will ever run ;" but he was mistaken. The writer continues : " This is the best race ever run in the United States." The colt was lame for a great while, but was patched up, and the following September, 1827, he beat Frantic, four-mile heats, at Casewell Court House, N. C, but he broke down in the last heat and retired. He was kept for many years in Virginia, and got many good horses. EARLY HISTORY OF TENNESSEE xcvii " He was regarded as the best of the four brothers, but he was very little superior to Sir Richard Tonson or Champion, and Sir Henry Tonson ; but for a diseased throat that affected his wind. Colonel Payton thought, would have been the equal of either. Sir Richard was only beaten twice, and Champion never lost a race. Madame Tonson also produced Caroline and Ulysses, by Volunteer ; Bemice, by Sir Archy Jr. ; Ellen Wade, by Stock- holder; and Herr Cline, by Arab (a son of Sir Archy), all of whom were more or less distinguished on the turf and in the stud. " Caroline produced to Conquerer, Julia Franklin, and to Stockholder, Telegraph, a good race horse. Julia Franklin, in turn, brought a good racer in Hugh Lawson White, by imported Leviathan, and also produced Mark Pillow, by Giles Scroggins, and Mecklenburg by, imported Merman. From Sir Richard came Gamma, one of the best race mares of her day, and Epsilon, by Pacific, from Madame Boseley; and in this line are also the fleet and good mares, Euchre, Planchette and Mariposa, the pride of Belle Meade, and many others who have been distinguished upon the Tennessee turf. Sir Richard was the sire of Gray Maria, also called Alice Gray and Lady Gray. She was from Lucy Clark, by that celebrated horse Tennessee Oscar, who was never beaten a heat or race. Gray Maria produced Darnley, by John Rich- ards ; Howard, by American Eclipse ; Sally Shannon, by Woodpecker ; and Darkness, by Wagner, all of whom performed well upon the turf. Sally Shan- non, in turn, produced Feliciana, by Glencoe Jr. ; and Nahmeoke, Southern Belle, and Laura White, by imported Glencoe ; and Letty Shannon, Shannon and Shoddy, by I,exington. Nahmeoke produced Whisperer and Oberon : the last named is now owned by Edward S. Sanford of Long Island. Laura White has been regarded as a most valuable brood mare. She is the dam of Dot, by Mad Anthony ; the dam of Madge Duke, now in California, and a very excellent filly ; Lark, by Lexington, the dam of Harry Hill, one of the best race horses in this country, but has, unfortunately, been amiss for more than a year. Alice Ward, by Lexington, was the next foal of Laura White, and then came Bazine, a very good horse, and Astral, who was regarded, the fall he was two years old, as very best colt of the year. General J. T. Rob- inson of Lexington, to whom he belonged, was offered $8000 for him. " Gray Medley also got the Gray Medley mare owned by Benjamin Phil- lips of Davidson County, Tennessee, who produced, in 181 1, a good race horse in Gray Archy, by Sir Archy. Polly Medley was another daughter of Gray Medley. She was the dam of the celebrated race horse Doublehead, by imported Diomed. Doublehead was subsequently bred to his dam, Polly Medley, and produced a filly called Jenny Riband. She did not do anything very remarkable, but produced a gray colt by Pacolet, called Alexander, that was regarded as a good race horse. Polly Medley produced to imported Royalist a colt called Royal Medley, a good but unfortunate race horse. Joppa, by Jericho ; Moonlight, Twilight and Skylight, by Lexington ; Star- light, by imported Scythian ; Sunrise, by Ringgold ; Chiquita (who won the Fordham handicap at the last spring meeting, at Jerome Park), and many xcviii THE HORSES OF AMERICA others, whose performance will pass under review in their regular order, are numbered among the descendants of Gray Medley. Indeed, their history is the history of the American turf for the past sixty years, and will, when written, include the performances of such horses os Robin Gray, Alaric, Van- dal, Lexington, Jack Malone, Pat Malloy, Harry Basset, Norfolk, Lightning, Arizona, Muggins, Daniel Boone, Kentucky, Gilroy, Asteroid, Tom Bowling, Vera Cruz, Aristides, Parole, Tom Ochiltree, Ten Broeck and Vandalite, all of whom, and many others of the best horses of the nineteenth century, are descendants of this celebrated earliest importation into Tennessee. " From 1804 to 18 10 Lazarus Cotton's gray gelding Grayhound, by Tayloe's Bel- Air (the best son of imported Medley), was greatly distinguished and considered the best race horse in Tennessee, especially at three and four-mile heats. He was under fifteen hands, but was able to carry full weight and go the distance. In the spring of 1805, at Gallatin, he beat Bompard a son of imported Obscurity, from a daughter of imported Fearnaught, General Jack- son's Indian Queen, and others, four mile heats, in three heats. About this time at Hartsville, he beat Truxton (when out of condition), mile heats. Major John Verrell, who then owned Truxton, came to Tennessee, saw General Jackson and satisfied him that Truxton lost the race by being out of condition, and the general made a match on him against Grayhound, to be run on the same course, mile heats. Major Verrell was interested in the match, and trained Truxton, who won the race, beating his game little competitor, an aged horse, and inferior in speed to his large, muscular, young antagonist. " In the fall of 1805, Captain Joseph Erwin offered to run his horse Tanner, against any horse, four-mile heats, the person accepting to name at the post. General Jackson accepted and trained sixteen horses, Truxton and Gray- hound among them, he having purchased the last-named horse. He started Grayhound and won the race in three heats over the celebrated Clover Bot- tom course. " Of all the horses that won distinction under his management, Truxton stood unrivalled. Alexander the Great was not more attached to his beauti- ful Bucephalus than Gen. Jackson was to Truxton. After Truxton had per- formed prodigies for him upon the turf, he was retired to the Hermitage, where he was well cared for. From him descended some of the best horses ever known upon the American turf. As a curiosity in horse literature, we insert the following as General Jackson's opinion of his favorite. It was written after Truxton had retired from the turf : " 'Truxton is a beautiful bay, full of bone and muscles; was got by the imported horse old Diomed, and came from the thoroughbred mare Nancy Coleman, the property of Major John Verrell of Virginia. Truxton, however, is too well known to require minute description. His performances on the turf have surpassed those of any horse of his age that has ever been run in the Western Country ; and indeed it may be said with confidence that he is equal, if not superior, to Mr. Ball's Florizel, who was got by the same Diomed, and EARLY HISTORY OF TENNESSEE xcix who now stands unrivaled in Virginia as a race-horse. Truxton, by old sportsmen and judges, is admitted to be amongst the best distance-horses that ever ran. His speed is certainly unknown to all those who have run against him. He has, on the most unequal terms, started against the very best mile horses in Kentucky and Tennessee, and beaten them with great ease ; and in no one instance has ever run with any horse, when he himself was in order, but he either could or did, distance him with ease. Although four-mile heats is the real and true distance for Truxton to run, he has beaten Mr. Gordon's fine mile-horse Jack of Clubs, and Mr. Cotton's Grayhound, both aged horses, with equal weights of one hundred pounds on each, mile heats. And lastly, to crown the much-doubted speed of Truxton with his opponents, he beat, on only two sound legs, on April 3, 1806, over the Clover Bottom course, the celebrated horse Plow Boy, who was never before beaten, and beating him without the assistance of whip or spur. It is now no longer for the numerous concourse of people who were present on that day to say whether or not Truxton be the true-bred racer. Truxton's winnings, from time to time, from the most correct information, amount to at least $20,000, and his colts are not inferior to any on the continent. (Signed) Andrew Jackson.' " It was to be the fortune of Truxton, however, to be succeeded by a horse in Tennessee who eclipsed his performances, and indeed, those of all others who had gone before him. This horse was Tennessee Oscar ; but we will leave the history of this wonderful horse to be told by Colonel Peyton " : '"Oscar was a bay colt foaled in the spring of 1814, bred by the Rev. Hubbard Saunders, of Sumner County, Tennessee, and stood without a rival on the Tennessee turf in his day. He never paid a forfeit or lost a heat, nor did he ever meet a competitor able to put him to his top speed. His pedigree is not only pure, but rich and choice. He was got by Wilkes' Wonder, he by imported Diomed, from Mary Grey, the dam of Pacolet, and she by Tippoo Saib ; his dam Rosey Clark, by imported Saltram ; second dam Camilla, by Symmes' Wildair, the best son of imported Fearnaught ; third dam Minerva, by imported Obscurity ; fourth dam Diana, by Claudius ; fifth dam Sally Painter, by imported Sterling ; sixth dam imported Silver by Belsize Arabian ; seventh dam sister to Roxana, by Bald Galloway — Akaster Turk — Leedes Arabian — Spanker. " 'Oscar was a dark bay of Uniform color, with black points, full fifteen hands three inches, owned and run by Dr. Roger B. Sappington of Nashville. He was a horse of commanding presence, possessing great power especially in the shoulders and chest, in which he resembled the lion, rising withers, oblique shoulders, short back, prominent hips, hind quarters rather light when contrasted with his shoulders^ and chest, stifles and hocks excellent, and limbs superior, hind feet well under him, with a head, eye and windpipe which could not be surpassed. Oscar, won his first race, sweep-stakes, in October, 181 7, over the Nashville course, two-riiile heals, $ioo entrance, with the- c THE HORSES OF AMERICA greatest ease, beating Mr. James Jackson's McShane (by imported Eagle, from his mare Virginia, by imported Dare Devil), and Dr. Butler's filly by Pacolet. The next day he walked over the course for the club purse. " * In May, 1818, he won over the same course a jockey club purse, four- mile heatSj beating with ease. General Jackson's Gun Boat, by Pacolet. Gun Boat was withdrawn after the first heat. In October, 1818, over same course, he won the jockey club purse, four-mile heats beating, with ease, at two heats, Mr. Morton's horse by Potomac, and Colonel Elliott's horse, by imported Whip. This Whip colt belonged to Uncle Berry, whose history is as follows : Uncle Berry volunteered in Captain John W. Burrus' light-horse company early in the Creek war, and served out his term under General Jackson. When his term of service expired, he was about to re-enlist, but Colonel Elliott, who was then in command of a regiment in the army, per- suaded him to return home and look after the women and children and blood- stock, which he reluctantly consented to do. After spending some time in Tennessee, he visited a friend, Colonel Faulkner, of Garrard County, Kyo, who invited him to look at a lot of two-year-old colts, some of which he con- templated entering in sweepstakes, to come off the ensuing fall. On returning to the house, Mrs. Faulkner inquired of Uncle Berry what he thought of her colt, to which he replied : * I consider him, madame, the best of the lot ' ; at which she was very much gratified, and begged that he would enter, train and run the colt, to which he consented, and he run his first race with ease. Uncle Berry then purchased this colt of Mrs. Faulkner, brought him to Ten- nessee, where he won several races, and was entered by Colonel Elliott in the four-mile race against Oscar, as above stated.' " From those early times to the present Tennesee has maintained her prestige as a producer of thoroughbreds, and of recent years the business has received a new impetus. Probably no state in the union, with the possible ex- ception of Kentucky and California, present better natural conditions for the production of the highest classes for all the uses of business and pleasure. The climate is perfect, the soil very rich, and it is claimed by some of her most sagacious breeders that her pastures surpass even the famous blue grass meads of Kentucky. We will follow her turf history by quoting from the first of a very able series of papers on * The Status of the American Turf,' by Francis Trevelyan, that appeared in Outing in 1892. *' 'The state of Tennessee contains within its borders one of the best known and the oldest of American thoroughbred nurseries — the famous Belle Mead Stud Farm, belonging to Gen. W. H. Jackson, a magnificent property of 3,800 acres, which comprise grand meadows of the richest blue grass, well watered by Richland Creek, and heavily timbered. For upward of sixty years it has en- joyed a national reputation for the race horses it produces, and among its erstwhile lords of the harem that now lie buried beneath its famous oaks have been imported Priam, winner of the Derby; imported Eagle, imported Bluster, Vandal, Jack, Malone, Childe Harold, imported Bonnie Scotland, EARLY HISTORY OF TENNESSEE ci John Morgan, and many others almost equally celebrated. Now in their places reign Iroquois, Luke Blackburn, Enquirer, imported Great Tom, im- ported Loyalist, Tremont and Inspector B. " ' Iroquois, foaled in 1878, at Mr. Aristides Welch's Erdenheim Stud, was truly a worthy representative of the land of his birth, and so far as one can judge, was one of the very best race horses ever bred in America. He is perhaps the best son that imported Leamington ever got, and his dam, Maggie B. B., a daughter of imported Australian, died in 1890, full of years, having produced besides him, the famous animals, Para, Harold and Panique. As Iroquois is the only American horse that has ever won the Blue Ribbon of the English turf, his record is worthy of recollection. To the present day he stands alone among horses of all nationalities as the only one who ever won the Derby, the Prince of Wales Stakes, at Ascot, and the Doncaster St. Leger. As a two-year-old he won four races, the Chesterfield Stakes, the Newmarket Two-Year-Old Plate, the Two-Year-Old Stakes at Epsom and the Levant Stakes at Goodwood. The next year he was started in the Two Thousand Guineas, when only half fit, and had to strike his colors to Pereg- rine, but in the Derby he turned the tables. This grand success he followed up by scoring brackets in the Prince of Wales Stakes and St. James Palace Stakes, at Ascot, the Burwell Stakes, at Goodwood, the St. Leger, the New- market Stakes and Newmarket Derby. As a four-year-old he did not start, but at five-years-old he won the Stockbridge Cup with one hundred and thirty pounds on his back. "'Enquirer is now a very old horse, having been foaled in 1867, but the boast his owner makes that in him he owns the greatest living stallion is far from being vain. He has got an enormous number of great stake winners, among them such race horses as Inspector B., Bella B., Miss Ford, Egmont, Reporter, Telie Doe, Blue Eyes, Burch, etc., and his get have always been noted for their great turn of speed. '"Of the other Belle Meade stallions it is not necessary to speak in detail, but Luke Blackburn must be given a few words. As a three-year-old he carried the famous " red, blue sash, of the Dwyer Brothers in twenty-four races of which he won no less than twenty-two, being third in one other and un- placed in one in which he fell and threw his Jockey. Among his victories were the Tidal, Long Island, St. Leger and Great Challenge Stakes at Sheeps- head Bay, the Ocean and Champion Stakes at Monmouth, the United States Hotel Stakes and Grand Union prize at Saratoga, and the St. Leger and Great American Stallion Stakes at Louisville. Subsequently to his three-year-old form he only started twice, winning once and breaking down at the second attempt. From 1880 he held the record, 2 134 for a mile and a half, until in 1890 Firenze reduced it to 2 :33. ** * A passing mention of the Belle Meade matrons must suffice. Among them are Tullahoma, dam of Tulla Blackburn and Tammany ; Silver Maid, dam of Young Luke and Taviston ; Vintage Time, dam of Uncle Bob, winner cii THE HORSES OF AMERICA of the American Derby ; Bribery, dam of Miss Ford and Zulaika ; Miss Hampton, dam of Elyton ; Guildean, dam of Ben Harrison, Wrestler and Guildura ; and Mariposa, dam of Swift, Beatitude, Boulevard, etc' "After commenting on the purchase in October, 1891, by Mr. Charles Reed, of Imported St. Blaise, the premier stallion of the day, for ^100,000 at the dispersal sale of the Nursery Stud of the late August Belmont, of New York. Mr. Trevelyan continues: 'With the purchase of St. Blaise, by Mr. Charles Reed, that intrepid gentlemen's Fairview Stud, situated near Gallatin,Tennessee, at once assumed a prominence which, in spite of the many excellent race horses previously bred there, it had not possessed. At Fair- view, Mr. Reed has a large number of choicely bred matrons, to which he is constantly adding. Of them the best known is the grand old Thora, herself one of the best of mares and dam of the wonderful filly, Yorkville Belle. Before the advent of the Derby winner of 1885, the Fairview Stud was some- what weak in its stalHons, owing to the fact that Mr. Reed's luck in this respect had been appallingly bad. Imported Mr. Pickwick, like St. Blaise a son of the great English sire and Derby winner, Hermit, and French Park, famed for his unbeaten two-year-old career, both died on his hands. Of his other stallions. Forester, Miser, imported Cheviot, Long Taw and imported Muscovy, all have had some success, and Exile, that popular but crabbed son of the Great Frenchman Mortemer, should make his mark, but no one of them has had, or could be reasonably expected to acquire the prestige of St. Blaise. " Miser, a full brother to the better known horse, Spendthrift, is sire of some remarkably good fillies, but the one most likely to become famous in the annals of the turf is Yorkville Belle. She was the best filly out last season, and ranked extremely high among all the two-year-olds of a year that pro- duced an unusual number of good performers at that age, while the prospect of her training is excellent. Her dam, Thora, who is a daughter of Long- fellow and Susan Ann, by Lexington, always won in high-class company, and when a three-year-old won the Washington, Baltimore, Winchester and Saratoga cups. Between mother and daughter many comparisons have been drawn, but good as the former was, racing men generally agreed last that Yorkville Belle was the best. Companion matrons at Fairview of this great old mare are Mary Anderson, dam of Wary, Melodrama and Actor ; Bonnie Wood, dam of Phoenix Annie and Hell Gate; Athlerte, dam of Peter and Athlete ; and Acquittal, dam of Defendant and Not Guilty. * * Mr. Reed purchased three brood mares at the Nursery sale, viz. : Carmen, imported Dauntless and Madcap.' " These sketches of Belle Meade and Fairview are given rather as speci- mens of modern Tennessee thoroughbred stud, than as comprising anything like an exhaustive view of the subject. There are many others in the State that might have furnished worthy material for the purpose. Nor is it as a producer of thoroughbreds alone that Tennessee is worthy of note as a horse- EARLY HISTORY OF TENNESSEE ciii breeding State. Great attention is paid to the breeding of trotting and road horses, and the State abounds in breeding estabhshments of this character. At the Hermitage, at the present time, seven trotting bred stallions are adver- tised with the famous Wedgewood (2 :i9) at the head. In the Tom Hal family, built up from the blood of the original Tom Hal that was brought to Kentucky and mingled with the hot currents of the thoroughbreds of Kentucky and Tennessee, the latter State has a pacing family of unrivalled excellence." KENTUCKY. Lo ! here the smoke of cabins curled, The borders of the middle world ; . And mighty, hairy, half-wild men Sat down in silence, held at bay By mailed forests. Far away The red men's boundless borders lay. And lodges stood in legions then. Striped pyramids of painted men. What strong uncommon men were these, That moved like gods among the trees — Each man so notable and tall, A kingly and unconscious soul Thewed like a living Hercules. — Miller. THE territory of Kentucky was covered by the original grant made of Virginia to the London Company. In 1776 it was formed into a separate county, called Kentucky County. Before this the land had been somewhat explored by adventurous hunters and pioneers, chief among whom was the famous Daniel Boone, who led thither a small party from North Carolina in 1769. Virginia had given bounties of lands to her troops for service in the French and Indian wars, and the glowing accounts brought from beyond the mountains induced many expeditions for surveying and locating lands. Kentucky was then a favorite hunting ground for the Indians north and south, and the occupation by the whites was resisted by all the means known to Indian warfare. From the terrors of this struggle with the Indians, Kentucky became known as " the dark and bloody ground." But the character of her pioneers was such that they were never daunted. The deeds of prowess of these " mighty men of old " have furnished many a thril- ling episode in history and romance. The first settlement was made at Harrod's Station, now Harrodsburg, in 1774. The next year Boone and his party built a group of block-houses on the Kentucky River at Boonesboro, and in 1776 other stations were built in central Kentucky and the work of clear- ing and cultivating the land began. So great were the attractions of the region, with its ideal climate, fertile soil, and pure and abundant waters, that, notwithstanding the fierce and bloody opposition of the Indians, in the sixteen years following the first settlement in 1774, immigration had so flowed in, mostly from Virginia and Maryland, that in 1760 it numbered 73,677 souls. i^ EARLY HISTORY OF KENTUCKY cv In a letter written from Charlottesville, Va., May 12, 1779, found in Travel through the Interior Parts of America, bj/ an officer (London, 1789), among other things, the writer says (p. 407) : " I think nothing more fully shows the real distress of the inhabitants in general throughout America than the amazing emigration to a new settlement at a place called Kentucky, where the soil is exceeding fruitful and where there are abundance of buffalos. The country around for a great number of miles is an extensive plain with very few trees growing on it. This new set- tlement is near a thousand miles from this place, and those traveling to it take with them their horses, oxen, sheep, and other cattle, as likewise all kinds of poultry." Kentucky horse history begins with the history of the State itself. Peopled from a section then at the very front of the fine horse producing regions of America, its early pioneers brought with them not only the feelings and instincts of lovers of noble horses, but the horses themselves. They showed great judgment in breeding, the climate and soil favored them, they soon began to draw from the far north as well as from England and the south ; and they early took, what they have ever since maintained, an almost un- rivalled pre-eminence in this country as producers of thoroughbreds and light harness horses, winners and record breakers; as well as some of the most superb saddle horses in the land. THE CENTRAL STATES. Ohio, Michigan, Minnesota, Wisconsin, Iowa, Illinois, Indiana and Missouri. By heedless chance I turned mine eyes And by the moonbeam shook to see A stern and stalwart ghast arise. Attired as Minstrels wont to be. Had I a statue been o' stain, His darin' look had daunted me : And on his bonnet graved was plain The sacred posie 'Libertie.' — Burns. THE mighty and fertile region covered by these eight noble States forming the centre and heart of our great country, was settled at a compara- tively recent date. Its metropolis, Chicago, now the second in population in the United States, was first settled in 1831, previous to which time it was a mere frontier post. In 1832 it contained about a dozen families, besides the officers and soldiers in Fort Dearborn, at the mouth of the Chicago River. The whole region is one of the most fruitful and prosperous in the world ; nor can one by traveling through its fertile prairies and visiting its thriving towns and splendid cities, convince himself that its settlement has been so recent and its growth so marvelously rapid. For the purposes of this work we have grouped these eight states to- gether, not because they are less prominent as horse-producing states than others, but because they have been settled largely from the older states, their history is nearly all included in the last half century, a period that in this work is very little touched and because in its general article on the horses of America, and that of California, its sources of the foundation stock which came into this region have been very largely explained. Ohio was included in the original grants to Virginia and Connecticut. Illinois and Indiana were also claimed by Virginia. Iowa, Missouri and most of Minnesota were included in the Louisiana purchase. Wisconsin was part of its north western territory covered by the act of the Continental Congress, known as the "Ordinance of 1787," In 1800 it was annexed to Indiana territory, in 1809 to Illinois, and in 181 8 to Michigan territory. Michigan was a part of New France and came to the British by the treaty of 1763 when the French power in North America was extinguished. FLORIDA. But oh ! the life in Nature's green domains, The breathing sense of joy ! where flowers are springing By starry thousands on the slopes and plains, And the gray rocks — and all the arched woods ringing. And the young branches trembling to the strains Of wild-born creatures, through the sunshine winging Their fearless flight, — and sylvan echoes round, Mingling all tones to one ^olian sound. — Mrs. Hemans. IN Roberts' " Florida," p. lOo., it is stated that Captain Robinson in 1754, writes that he had noticed numerous herds of cows, horses, sheep and goats grazing on the rich banks of the Apalachee and bay of Pensacola. He further says : " The South American horses are marked with most if not all of their Andalusian progenitors : they have their grace and good temper and surpass them in speed, surety of foot and bottom." Holmes' America, Vol. I., p. 67, says: "In 1535 the Spaniards left at Beunos Ayres, thirty mares and seven horses, of which LeVaz says : ' It is a wonder that from these the increase in forty years was so great that the country is twenty leagues up full of horses.' " It also says : " Ferdinand de Soto in his expedition against Florida, 1539, had 900 men besides sailors and 213 horses; of which last in an encounter near Mobile, 1542, with the Indians, they lost 45, and his army was shortly after reduced to 300 men and 40 horses." " A Relation of the Expedition of John Ferdinando De Soto to Florida, in 1539-40;" repeatedly speaks of the horses, and tells how in leaving Florida they killed most of them but left five or six alive on the shore. It also says: "The Mexican horses are known to be derived chiefly from Andalusian progenitors and so are the race of Seminole horses. They are a beautiful and sprightly race, of small stature, and delicately formed like roebucks, with handsome heads, the nose being slightly aquiline : this pecul- iarity is likewise observed in the race of the Choctaws, which is larger and less lively, the former having been introduced by the first Spanish settlers in East Florida, the latter coming from New Spain." The " Histoire de la Conquete de la Floride," by L'Inca Garcillasso de la Vega, translated into French from the Spanish, 1731, says : cviii THE HORSES OF AMERICA " L'Inca de la Vega was born towards the middle of the luth century at Cusco in Peru. His father a Spanish gentleman married one of the descend- ants of the ancient kings of Peru. He went to Spain in 1560. " Ferdinand de Soto took part in the conquest of Peru in 1533. "In 1529 Cabeca de Veca made his expedition which resulted dis- astrously, and in 1539 De Soto tried his hand. He sailed from San Lucar with 900 Spaniards (Vol. I., p. 29) : " II y eut meme de courses de barques, oii Ton voyait une quantite de cheveaux, de tout poll et de toute taille, les plus beaux du monde." It further says that the vessel Sainte Anne carried eighty horses into Florida (p. 37) ; and that Silvestre's horse was the surest in conducting them and had excellent marks. " II fetoit bai brun, le pied du montoir blanc, with one such mark in front. Cache's horse was alezan briile." Page 50 — Speaks of three hundred horses and says the Indians took more pains to kill the horses than the men, thinking that their death was of greater importance to their cause than that of their riders. On page 45 is a statement of what the Indians thought about the Span- iards, which explains the above desire to kill the horses first : Messengers were sent to some of the Indians incHned to resist to tell them that " they must not think they could fight against them [the invading Spaniards], that they had their origin in Heaven, and were veritable sons of the Sun and Moon ; in a word they were mounted on certain animals so swift that none could escape them." CALIFORNIA. A flash of lakes through the fragrant trees, A song of birds and a sound of bees Above in the boughs of the sugar pine. The pick-axe stroke in the placer mine. The boom of blasts in the gold-ribbed hills, The grizzley's growl in the gorge below, Are dying away, and the sound of rills. From the far-off shimmering crest of snow ; The laurel green and the ivied oak, A yellow stream and a cabin's smoke, The brown bent hills and the shepherd's call, The hills of vine and of fruits and all The sweets of Eden are here, and we Look out and afar to a limitless sea. — Joaquin Miller, THE first recorded discovery of California proper, was as far back as 1542, when some parts of its coast were explored by the Spaniard Cabrillo. Again its coast was touched by the fleet of Sir Francis Drake in 1578. The bays of San Diego and Monterey were entered by Viscanis in 1602. The peninsula of Lower California (not a part of the present State), was entered by Jesuit Missionaries in 1697, who established a permanent mission, Loreto, where, and at other points, they maintained themselves till 1767, when they were expelled by order of Charles III. of Spain, and all their property turned over to the Franciscan monks. Later the Franciscans (being supplanted by the Dominicans) sought the fairer fields of California and located along the coast or bay of San Francisco, selecting for their missions the very garden spots of the country. Here they flourished, accumulating wealth and making converts till Mexico became independent of Spain in 1822, after which the Franciscans continually lost ground until their establishments were finally broken up in 1840. The whole number of missions was twenty-one, the first established in 1769, the last in 1820. During the flourishing of these California Missions, the connection of the country with Spain through Mexico was very loose. A trade sprung up, in this period between San Francisco and Boston, by the long voyage round the Horn which took two years or more before the final return : the trade con- sisting chiefly of an exchange of cotton goods and groceries for furs and hides. A few English and Americans wandered into California between 1810 and ex THE HORSES OF AMERICA 1830, and some daring hunters and trappers found their way across the con- tinent, so that, it is estimated that in 1S30 there were as many as five hundred foreigners on the west side of the Sierra Nevada. Cahfornia during that period had no defined border except the coast, and the name was generally applied to the entire country between the Rocky Mountains and the Pacific. For the purposes of this work we will adopt a like liberality of boundary as the horses of all that region covered by the new States and Territories are of like origin with those of California proper. And what is said of the early or wild stock of this region applies equally to the first horses found wild, or in the hands of the Indians, throughout the entire West where herds of horses were found by white pioneers. All these Catholic missionaries found their way into California from the Spanish province of Mexico, and doubtless took with them Mexican horses of Spanish origin. But as the climate and condition of California to a point much farther north than San Francisco was well adapted to support the horse in his free state, and as the descendants of the early horses let loose by the Spaniards had been roving through the country for more than two centuries when the first of these missions was established, it is fair to presume that there were horses in California before the Franciscans came in 1767, Just when the Red man of the West first began to tame and use the free steed of the Prairie, cannot be told ; but that it was generations back of the date last named seems certain from the fact that the earliest explorer from the East, through and beyond the Rocky Mountains, who left a record, found the various tribes as well supplied with horses and as bold and dextrous riders as at any time since. The Astoria (compiled, as will be remembered by Washington Irving, at the request of John Jacob Astor, from original sources, about 1838) is in part an account of the traversing overland from St. Louis, Mo., in 181 1 and 1812 of a party led by Mr. Hunt, by a route more than 3500 miles long, to Astoria near the mouth of the Columbia River in Oregon. Among the tribes mentioned, whom they met on the route and who were all well supplied with horses, was the Omahas, Sioux, Arickaras, Cheyennes, Crows, Blackfeet, Flatheads, Shoshones, Arapahoes, and Sciatogas. This expedition was sent out by Mr. Astor, who was at the head of the fur trade in the United States. The party passed up the Missouri and Yellowstone Rivers, skirted the Black Hills and Big Horn Mountains, pierced the Rocky Mountains and passed down the Spanish and Mad Rivers, being the first whites known to have passed to the Columbia that way ; although Lewis and Clarke in 1803 to 1805 had passed from the mouth of the INIissouri to the mouth of the Columbia by the same route for the first part of the Journey. They also found plenty of horses and procured of the Shoshones a supply for the latter part of their journey. Lewis and Clark speaking of the horses found west of the Rocky Mountains in 1805, say that they appear to be of an excellent race, lofty, elegantly formed, active and durable some of them are pied with large spots of white, irregularly scattered and intermixed with dark brown bay ; the EARLY HISTORY OF CALIFORNIA cxi greater part however are of a uniform color, marked with stars and white feet, and resembling in fleetness and bottom, as well as in form and color, the best blooded horses of Virginia. Mr. Hunt tried to buy horses of the Arickaras. But the chief said that they had not the number of horses to spare that Mr. Hunt required, and ex- pressed a doubt whether they should be able to part with any. Upon this another chieftain called Gray Eyes, made a speech and declared that they could readily supply Mr, Hunt with all the horses he might want, since if they had not enough in the village they could easily steal more. This honest ex- pedient immediately removed the main difficulty; but the chief deferred all trading for a day or two, until he should have time to consult with his sub- ordinate chiefs as to market rates. As the Arickaras were meditating another expedition against their enemies the Sioux, the articles most in demand were guns, tomahawks, scalping knives, powder, ball, and other munitions of war. The price of a horse, as regulated by the chiefs, was commonly ten dollars worth of goods at first cost. To supply the demand thus suddenly created, parties of young men and braves sallied forth on an expedition to steal horses ; a species of service among the Indians which takes precedence of hunting, and is considered a department of honorable warfare. Speaking of the Cheyennes, Mr. Irving says : "The travelers had frequent occasion to admire the skill and grace with which these Indians managed their horses. Some of them made a striking display when mounted, them- selves and their steeds decorated in gala style ; for the Indians often bestow more finery upon their horses than upon themselves. Some would hang round the necks or rather on the breasts of their horses, the most precious ornaments they had obtained from the white men ; others interwove feathers in their manes and tails. The Indian horses, too, appear to have an attach- ment to their wild riders, and indeed it is said that the horses of the Prairies readily distinguish an Indian from a white man by the smell, and give a preference to the former. Yet the Indians in general are hard riders and however they may value their horses, treat them with great roughness and neglect. Occasionally the Cheyennes joined the white hunters in pursuit of the elk and buffalo, and when in the ardor of the chase spared neither them- selves or their steeds, scouring the prairie at full speed, and plunging down precipices and frightful ravines that threatened the necks of both horse and horseman. The Indian steed well trained to the chase, seems as mad as his rider, and pursues the game as eagerly as if it was his natural prey, on the flesh of which he was to banquet." Speaking of the Crows he says : "The tribe consists of four bands which have their nestling place in fertile, well wooded valleys lying among the Rocky Mountains, and watered by the Big Horn River and its tributary streams ; but, though these are properly their homes, where they shelter their old people, their wives, and their children, the men of the tribe are almost constantly on the fray and the scamper. They are, in fact, notorious marauders and horse stealers ; crossing and recrossing the mountains, robbing on the one side and cxii THE HORSES OF AMERICA conveying their spoils to the other. Hence we are told, is derived their name, given to them on account of their unsettled and predatory habits ; winging their flight like the crows from one side of the mountain to the other and making free booty of everything that lies in their way ; horses, however, are the especial objects of their depredations, and their skill and audacity in stealing them are said to be astonishing. This is their glory and delight ; an accom- plished horse stealer fills up their idea of a hero. Many horses are obtained by them also in barter from tribes in and beyond the mountains. They have an absolute passion for this noble animal ; besides which he is with them an important object of traffic. Once a year, they make a visit to the Mandane, Minatarees, and other tribes of the Missouri, taking with them droves of horses which they exchange for guns, ammunition, trinkets, vermilion, cloths of bright color, and various other articles of European manufacture. With these they supply their own wants and caprices, and carry on the interval trade for horses already mentioned. "The Spaniards," says the author, "changed the whole character and habits of the Indians v/hen they brought the horse among them." The same author Mr. Irving, in his description of a tour on the Prairie, which he took in the fall of 1S32, thus speaks of the wild horses about the waters of the Arkansas River: "The capture of a wild horse is one of the most favorite achievements of the Prairie tribes ; and indeed, it is from this source that the Indian hunters supply themselves. The wild horses which range those vast grassy plains, extending from the Arkansas to the Spanish settlements are of various forms and colors, betraying their various descents. Some resemble the common English stock, and are probably descended from horses which have escaped from our border settlements. Others are of a low but strong make, and are supposed to be of the Andalusian breed, brought out by the Spanish discoverers." Mr. Irving thus describes the first wild horse seen by him on this ex- pedition : "The horse was black. After a time, the horse suddenly made his appearance to our right, just ahead of the line, emerging out of a small valley, on a brisk trot ; having evidently taken the alarm. At sight of us he stopped short, gazed at us for an instant with surprise, then tossing up his head, trotted off in fine stj'le, glancing first at us over one shoulder, then over the other, his ample mane and tail streaming in the wind. Having dashed through a skirt of thicket that looked like a hedge row, he paused in the open field beyond, glanced back at us again, with a beautiful bend of the neck, sniffed the air, then tossing his head again, broke into a gallop, and took refuge in the wood." There is doubtless very great variety among the wild horses or ponies of the plains. But this description is either touched with fancy or the horse was not the ordinary bronco of the Prairie but an animal of far more elegance and finish. For the real description of the horse of the plains it may be permis- sible to quote briefly from Col. Dodge's article, "In The Saddle" as follows: "There is no horse superior to the bronco for endurance; few EARLY HISTORY OF CALIFORNIA cxiii are his equals. He came by it naturally from the Spanish stock of Moorish descent, the individuals of which race, abandoned in the i6th century, were his immediate ancestors ; and his hardy life has, by the survival of the fittest increased his endurance ten-fold. He is not handsome. His middle piece is distended by grass food \ it is loosely joined to his quarters and his hip is very short. He has a hammer head and the pronounced ewe neck which all plains or steppes horses seem to acquire. His legs are naturally perfect. The toughness and strength of the pony can scarcely be exaggerated. He will live through a winter that will kill the hardiest cattle. He worries through the long months when the snow has covered up the bunch grass, on a diet of cottonwood boughs, which the Indian cuts down for him, and in the spring it takes but a few weeks for him to scour out into splendid condition. He can go unheard of distances. The travaux pony weight for weight drags more on his tepee poles than the best mule in Uncle Sam's service does on an army wagon. The bronco's mean crest is distressing but it is in inverse ratio to his endurance and usefulness. When fed and cared for, he will regain his crest to a marked extent." And again speaking of the Indians' racing them Col. Dodge says : " His pony will of course, beat a thoroughbred at short dis- tances \ any pony can. At a mile, or two miles, the tables are turned." The following sketch of these horses in action is from the Oregon Trail by Francis Parkman. It describes what took place under the writer's eye at an Ogillallah village near the Black Hills, in 1846: "The Panther on his black and white horse, one of the best in the village, came at full speed over the hill in hot pursuit of an antelope, that darted away like lightning before him. The attempt was made in mere sport and bravado, for very few are the horses that can for a moment compete in swiftness with this little animal. The antelope ran down the hill towards the main body of the Indians, who was moving over the plain below. Sharp yells were given, and horsemen galloped out to intercept his flight. At this he turned sharply to the left, and scoured away with such speed that he distanced all his pursuers even the Panther himself. A few moments after, we witnessed a more serious sport. A shaggy buffalo bull bounded out from a neighboring hollow and close behind him came a slender Indian boy, riding without stirrups or saddle, and lashing his eager little horse to full speed. Yard after yard he drew closer to his gigantic victim, though the bull, with his short tail erect and his tongue lolling out a foot from his foaming jaws, was straining his unweildy strength to the utmost. A moment more, and the boy was close alongside. It was our friend the Hail Storm. He dropped the rein on his horse's neck and jerked an arrow like lightning from the quiver at his shoulder. ' I tell you' said Reynal, that in a years time that boy will match the best hunter in the village. There, he has given it to him — and there goes another ! Hear how the Hail Storm yells when he shoots ! Yes, jump at him ; try it again, old fellow ! You may jump at him all day before you get your horns into that pony ! The bull sprang again and again at the assailant, but the horse kept dodging with wonderful celerity. At length the bull followed up his attack with a furious cxiv THE HORSES OF AMERICA rush, and the Hail Storm was put to flight, the shaggy monster following close behind. The boy clung in his seat like a leach, and secure in the speed of his pony, looked round towards us and laughed. In a moment he was again along side of the bull who was now driven to desperation. His eye balls glared through his tangled mane, and the blood flew from his mouth and nostrils. Thus still battling with each other, the two enemies disappeared over the hill. Many of the Indians rode at full gallop toward the spot. We followed at a more moderate pace and soon saw the bull lying dead on the side of the hill." By the treaty following the Mexican war and ratified in March, 1848, California was annexed to the United States, just when the discovery of gold on the American River was beginning to attract attention. By the end of December washing for gold was going on all along the foot hills of the Sierras from the Turlumne River to the Feather, to the distance of 150 miles. The first adventurers came from Mexico, the South American coast and the Sand- wich Islands lUit in the spring of 1849 the rush of immigration across the plains and by way of the Isthmus of Panama, commenced, and it was esti- mated that 100,000 men reached California during that year, among whom were representati\-es of every State in the Union. This immigration continued with but little abatement during three succeeding years. NEW ENGLAND. CONNECTICUT RIVER. Through a wide and verdant valley Sweeps a broad and crystal river, On whose bosom sun and moonbeams Gleam and sparkle, dance and quiver. In its depths, transparent, limpid. Silver fishes dart and play ; O'er its mimic waves careering White-winged shallops urge their way. Pleasantly upon its borders Thrives the busy factory village ; Bounteously the fertile gardens Recompense the laborer's tillage. On its banks are grassy meadows. Smiling farms, and cultured plains. Where, beneath the Autumn harvest, Groan the heavy-laden wains. —Mrs. H. C. Gardner. ii fJISTORY of the New World called America," published at Dublin I 1 in treating of New England, says : " Their horned cattle are very numerous and some of them very large. Oxen have been killed there of 1800 weight. Hogs likewise are very numerous and particularly excellent. They have besides a breed of small horses which are particularly hardy. They pace naturally, though in no very graceful or easy manner, but with such swiftness and for so long a continuance, as must appear almost incredible, to those who have not experienced it. They have a great number of sheep, too, and of a good kind. The wool is of a staple sufficiently longf but it is not near so fine as that of England. However they manufacture a great deal of it very successfully. "It was in 1664 that the English under Mr. Robert Carr with 3000 men landed at Manhattan Island and captured New York from the Dutch. It was before this that the Company from Lynn made their settlement first on the West end of the Island, but being disturbed by the Dutch they moved to the East and founded Southampton. "Pennsylvania also exports Horses and live Cattle to the Southern plantations." cxvi THE HORSES OF AMERICA About Virginia a letter published in London in 1649 says : "There are 15,000 English in Virginia and 300 servants. Of kine, oxen, bulls, calves, 20,000 large and good, and they make plenty of very good butter and cheese. There are of an excellent race about 200 horses and mares ; of asses, 50 ; of sheep, 3000 ; goats, 5000 ; swine innumerable ; the same of poultry, hens, turkeys, ducks and geese. Cattle are about the same price as in England. There come yearly to trade with Virginia about thirty ships with 700 or 800 mariners employed. There are twenty churches with min- isters to each, whose living is worth ;^5oo." From English Race and Saddle Horses : " Records of running races in England commenced about 17 18." The great runner Cartouch was only 14 hands. "When the turf was first organized into a system of racing, ponies were selected for that amusement, and they were probably native ones. Oriental horses were not used on the turf until much later : they were of small statue and were long called Galloways. Curwin's celebrated Bob is stated to have been little more than 1 3 hands high, and ponies of that size are still the fleetest animals in the East. " Sir Thomas Challoner, our ambassador in Spain in the reign of Elizabeth, ridicules the practice of importing foreign horses and affirms that those of England were the best and the most beautiful in the world. As this gentle- man must have been well acquainted with the Andalusian horses, his high opinion of what he considered our native breeds is entitled to attention. " There can be no doubt that out saddle horses were for a long period obtained principally by enlarging native ponies. Doubtless foreign horses were at an early period imported, but there is no reason to suppose the weights lightened." From Hildreth's History of the United States we learn that in 1634 Six great ships arrived at the Massachusetts Bay Colony with store of passengers and cattle. "A History of the British Dominions in North America," published at London 1773, says: "The ships which in 1669 brought the first animals, including Horses, to Massachusetts Bay, sailed from Isle of Wight on May 11." And of Rhode Island : " They export to the West India Islands, horses, live stock of several kinds, butter, cheese, lumber and rum, but this trade has been upon the decline." Of Canada : "The Indians in this country raise Indian corn and have plenty of horses." A brief relation of the state of New England, by Increase Mather, 1669, states that the Carabbee Islands have their horses from New England. An account given by Rip Van Dam of New York of transporting one of the popular Rhode Island "pacers," says that the vessel was 14 days in reaching New York. EARLY AMERICAN HISTORY cxvii 1635 — Economic and Local History ot New England, 1620-17S9, by W. H. VVeeden, page 128, Vol. i, says: " In 1635 two Dutch schooners brought in twenty-seven Flanders mares, at ;^34 each, sixty-three heifers at ^\2 and eighty-eight sheep at 50 shillings. This is preceded by the mention that both Plymouth and the Bay had oft traded with the Dutch at the Hudson River." 1649 — Page 153 says: " They sent letters to London by Barbadoes, so frequent was the intercourse with that quarter. Barbadoes takes many horses and the Bay forbids the export of mares." Page 160 : " Horses are used in the cane crushing mills of Barbadoes, and the other sugar districts. They are a favorite export." 1660 — Maverick, writing in 1660, to an Enghsh correspondent, page 204, says : " This country also is now well stocked, with horses, cows, sheep and goats." 1670 — Page 251 : " Hull bred horses in less favor in Boston Neck and Point Judeth, R. L" Page 277 : "The commons were open, and stallions, many of them inferior, run at large among the mares. It was feared the whole breed of horses would deteriorate. Massachusetts excluded from the commons all stallions under fourteen hands, and not of ' comely proportion.' " About 1678 — Page T^-^Ty : " Horses were an important export from the Narragansett country. Hull with his associates began breeding them early on Point Judeth Neck." 1770 — "A General History of the British Empire in America," by Mr. Winne, in two volumes, London, 1770, Vol. i, says, page 41 : " In New Eng- land the horses are hardy, mettlesome and serviceable, but small." Of New York it says, page 97 : " All kinds of black cattle are more numerous here than in any European country, and they have a breed of ex- cellent horses of their own." 1782 — From History of America by C. H. Arnold, London, page 53: " European cattle in general multiply in New England, and the horses though small and round, are servicable." 1800 — From Oliphant's History of the Ignited States, Edinburgh, 1800, page, St, : "Tables of Exports from Oct. i, 1796 to Oct. i, 1797 has horses II37-" Of New Hampshire it says, page 130 : "The staple commodities of New Hampshire are sheep, lumber, provisions, fish, horses, pot and pearl ashes and flax seed, all of which compose part of their exports." Of Pennsylvania page 248 : " Horses are raised here with that attention which the nature of that noble animal requires. The best for team are bred in Lancaster County, and elegant saddle and carriage horses have more or less of the blood of the stallions imported from England." 1807 — From McCullock's History of the United States, Philadelphia, 1807: "There were 5126 horses exported from the United States between Oct. I, 1803 and Oct. 1, 1804." cxviii THE HORSES OF AMERICA 1648 — " A Description of the Province of New Albion :" says of Barba- does : " Here was no store of land for our one hundred men and their families, here wants the Englishman's grass, and so the Englishman's beef, mutton, milk, butter, cheese, and they want horses to turn their sugar mills, so that New England sends horses, and Virginia oxen, to turn them at excessive rates, and their keeping there is chargeable." 1736 — "British Settlements in North America, by William Douglass, published at Boston, 1755." Vol. I., page 133, says of Barbadoes : "The Island is twenty-six miles by fourteen, and contains about 100,000 acres ; in 1637 there were on the Island 17,680 whites, whereof 4326 were fencible men disposed into one troop of guards, two regiments of horse, and seven regiments of foot. There may be 80,000 negroes in Barbadoes." Of Rhode Island it says. Vol. 2, page 100: " Rhode Island Colony in general is a country for pasture, not for grain ; their winters are softer and shorter than up inland, it is noted for dairies, hence the best made in any part of New England, is called (abroad) Rhode Island cheese. The most considerable farms are in the Narragansett country. Their highest dairy of one farm, milks about no cows, cuts about 200 loads of hay, makes about 13,000 weight of cheese, besides butter, and sells off considerable in calves and fatted bullocks." Page 45 — "Deed of Chief Sachems of Narragansett, of Island of Acqued- neck (Rhode Island) to William Coddington and others, March 24, 1637. Coddington was born about 1601 and was one of 18 purchasers of above Island. He came from Massachusetts (Boston). See p. 51. 1638 — p. 54 (Town of Portsmouth) : " It is ordered that every one of the body shall have for his present use one acre of meadow." 1639 — Laws passed in Portsmouth about damage done by cattle. From an order of Government in Portsmouth, p. 95, (1639), it appears that William Coddington, Judge, was a farmer, at least had a farm. 1647 — p. 150: " It is ordered that each Town e shall choose and order ye authorities of two Surveyors for the Highway, and appoint time to mend them ; also that they are to have notice of all cattle that shall be exported, and return the marks of them unto the Towne." If disobeyed a fine follows. We insert the following horses advertised in Connecticut as they were not inserted in Vol. II. : Strayed or stolen — Large bay horse about 14^ hands, ten years old, natural pacer. Caleb Ball, Hartford, July, 1767. Strayed or stolen — Bay mare with bald face, four white feet, both paces and trots. Jusius Rilev, Wethersfiekl. Strayed or stolen in East Hartford — Bay mare, 14 hands, both paces and trots. E. Wh.ll^ms. Stolen in Hebron — Black mare with star, about 12 years old, 14 hands, paces and trots. Isaac Ford, April 11, 1770. EARLY AMERICAN HISTORY cxix This may inform the pubHc that Samuel Farnsworth of Hartford has two likely stallions, which he intends to keep the ensuing season to cover mares. The one is the noted horse late the property of Neil McLean, Jr., and is considered by them that are judges to be the swiftest horse on the continent, to take him on the three gaits, pace, trot and run. The latter is a very large, thick, heavy horse, bred in Canada ; terms six shillings. Samuel Farnsworth. Strayed or stolen — Brown mare, three years old, paces and trots. D. Beach, Litchfield, Strayed or stolen — Brown mare, three white feet, eight years old, natural trotter. RelTeree Building, Hartford. Strayed or stolen — Black horse colt, three years old, trots all, middling size. JosiAH Church, Hartford. Strayed or stolen in Torrington — Brown mare with star, hind feet white, about 14 hands, paces and trots well. T. Tarall, July 3, 1770. Strayed in Hartford — Dark sorrel horse, about nine years old, 14 hands, natural trotter. Aug. 20, 1770. Stolen — Large sorrel mare, white in face, six years old, about 15 hands. W. King, Suffield, Aug. 9, 1770. Strayed or stolen in Wallingford — Brown horse, 15 hands, trots and paces. Miles Johnson, Aug. 11, 1770. Strayed — Dark sorrel horse with star, nine years old, 14 hands, natural trotter. Hartford, Aug. 20, 1770. Stolen in Farmington — Black horse, 13)^ hands, 12 years old, natural pacer, paces square, thickset. R. Barrett, Sept. i, 1770. Strayed or stolen — Black roan gelding, one white hind foot, 12 years old, 14 hands. Samuel Starr, Middletown, Nov. 10, 1770. Strayed or stolen — Brown horse, some white, 14 hands, 11 years old, natural pacer. J. Buck, Wethersfield, Nov. 16, 1770. Stolen — Sorrel mare with star, 14 hands, natural pacer. Samuel Norton, Goshen, Dec. 20, [770. Strayed or stolen — Small red roan horse, 13^ hands, 4 years old, some white in face, natural pacer. Jonathan Kennedy, Windham, Dec, 22, 1770. Will cover this season at the home of the subscriber in Hartford, the famous horse Ranger. He is a horse of strength and beauty, equal perhaps to any in America of the true Barbary breed, bred in England ; terms 1 2 to 30 shillings. He is the same horse that was in my keeping last season. James Nichols, 1771. Stolen in New Haven — sorrel mare, 15 J ^ hands, paces and trots. John Brown. The above are rt//the advertisements referring to horses (with exception of several stray colts) that appear in this paper " The Connecticut Courant " from July 1767 to July, 1771, as taken from files reasonably complete, in National Library at Washington. They refer to horses owned in all parts of cxx THE HORSES OF AMERICA Connecticut and it is noticeable that not a single one is spoken of that was over 15 hands, most of them under that and most of them described as pacers. This amounts to a photograph of the horses of that day in Connecticut, which we think were very similar to those of all New England, and which up to this date were evidently mostly descendants of the small English horses that con- stituted the first importations to New England, beginning about 1625. Aug. 8, 1 77 1 — Uriah Judd of Pittsfield advertises as stolen, a black stone horse about 14 hands, five years old, natural trotter, carries his head low. In Sept. 1771, Cephas Kentof Sufifield advertises lost, "dark brown horse, 145^ hands, both paces and trots." Ranger is advertised again by James Nichols, Haitford, 1772, who says it is the same horse that was in his keeping the two last seasons. These advertisements we think are the first notice of this famous horse. In 1773, the chestnut horse Batchelor; got by Ben Rogers' Garland, son of old Starling, bred by the Duke of Bolton, and got by Bay Bolton : dam of Batchelor, Arabian mare, brought from that country by Lord Grosvenor. Advertised in Sharon, Conn., by Jacob Bogardus, and described as eight years old, about 15 hands high, and the same horse that Captain Pintner im- ported to New York, about five years before. Terms $2. to 30 shillings. The Ranger is again advertised at Hartford, by James Nichols, and it is again stated that he was bred in England. Selah Norton's advertisement as a merchant at Hartford, appears in 1773. 1774, Paoli described as black, of the English breed and full blood, a horse of the greatest smartness and resolution, is advertised in East Wind- sor, by John Watson. The Ranger is again advertised in Hartford, by James Nichols. In 1775, The beautiful half English horse Fox, the property of Levi Allen is advertised to be kept three miles west of Salisbury Furnace. "This horse was got by the famous English Fox at Newport, R. L, and from a Narragansett mare. This horse is very little short of 15 hands high, complete, well made every way, carries his head and tail to admiration ; his alertness and activity are much taken notice of, and in fine he is allowed by all to be as beautiful a stallion as ever was brought into these parts. This horse being but half English, the other half the old Narragansett breed is much prefer- able to full blooded horses, and is thought by best judges to be a better horse for mending the breed in these parts than any full blooded horse whatever. This horse four years past being but four years old, covered 15 mares from which II likely colts were raised some of which sold in Rhode Island for ^80 at one year old. Terms $2 the season. Salisbury, April 3, 17 75-" Ranger is again advertised 1775 in Hartford, by James Nichols, and Paoli in East Windsor, by John Watson. 1782, For sale the beautiful horse Wildair, so well known in this State. Caleb Bull. THE BLOOD HORSE. G AMARRA is a dainty steed, Strong, black, and of a noble breed, Full of fire and full of bone. With all his line of fathers known : Fine his nose, his nostrills thin, But blown abroad by the pride within ! His mane is like a river flowing, And his eyes like embers glowing In the darkness of the night And his pace as swift as light. Look — how round his straining throat Grace and shifting beauty float ; Sinewy strength is in his reins. The red blood gallops through his veins. Richer, redder, never ran Through the boasting heart of man. He can trace his lineage higher Than the Bourbon dare aspire, — Douglas, Guzman, or the Guelph, Or O'Brien's blood itself! He, who hath no peer, was born Here upon a Red March mom ; But his famous fathers dead ^Vere Arabs all, and Arab-bred, And the last of that great line Trod like one of a race divine ! And yet, — he was but friend to one, Who fed him at the set of sun By some lone fountain fringed with green ; With him a roving Bedouin He lived (none else would he obey Through all the hot Arabian day), And died untamed upon the sands Where Balkh amidst the desert stands ! w tn AMERICAN STALLION REGISTER. VOLUME m. H ACKETT HORSE (1-4), chestnut, 141-^ hands, 1000 pounds ; foaled 1832 ; bred by John Hackett, Hancock, Vt. ; got by Gifford Morgan : dam said to be by Woodbury Morgan. Was kept at Hancock and Mid- dlebury, Vt. Died February, 1850, property of Mr. Hackett. Linsley says ; " A thick-set, compact horse, but style not so fine as some. Action good and a horse of great endurance. He was a good roadster and left excellent stock." Mr. Flint of New Haven Mills said : " I came to New Haven, spring of 1847, from Braintree, Vt. My brother came in 1845. John Daniels kept Flying Morgan on the Adams farm the season that I came and also, I am quite certain^ the next season. My brother bought two colts by Flying Morgan ; one of these was bred by Davis. I remember the Hackett Horse well. Knew him before I left Braintree. He was 15 hands, 1000 pounds; had long neck, rangy bow neck, very handsome head and neck ; he was a good stepper, light as a fox ; might have been made to trot fast, but they did not train the horses here then. The Putnam Morgan was a larger, but not any handsomer horse. The Hackett Horse was a dark chestnut, a very handsome horse, more rangy than his son Flying Morgan. A tall gray horse, called Idol, was owned by Heman and Andrew Bass before 1847." Martin Hackett of Hancock, Vt., 79 years old, says his father, John Hackett of Hancock, bred the Hackett Horse ; he was foaled on John Hackett's farm in Hancock, and was always owned by him and died at the age of eighteen years. He was got by Gifford Morgan ; of his dam Mr. Hackett said : " I don't Imow where he got the mare that brought the horse, and I don't know of any one that does. I have heard it said that she was a little black mare." The following is Mr. Hackett's description of the Hackett Horse : " A dark chestnut horse with some white hairs in his coat ; a good style horse, square built; would weigh 1000 pounds in good flesh." The dam of the Hackett Horse was a small black mare, 950 pounds; bred at Bethel, Vt., and owned when young by David Gushing of Bethel, who sold her to John Stores, and he to John Hackett; said to be by Woodbury Morgan. See the Morgan Horse and Register, Vol. I., p. 681 and Vol. II., p. 160. 2 AMERICAN STALLION REGISTER Among the descendants of this horse, are quite a good many fast trot- ters, incUiding Lord Chnton, 2 :o8^, in 1894, in a race that he won in three straight heats, which record at that time had been rarely equaled. Lord Clinton is full brother to Gen. Gates, the premier stallion at the Government Farm at Weybridge, Vt. HACKETT HORSE (1-16), bay with star, one or two white hind ankles, 15^ hands, 1000 pounds; said to be by the Hopkins Horse which was kept at Rochester, Vt., about 1872. Came from Bridgewater. Infoma- tion from Mr. Muzzy, Rochester, Vt. HACO (1-128), bay, star, small snip, hind feet white, foaled 1885 ; bred by Henry C. Jewett, Buffalo, N. Y. ; got by Jerome Eddy, son of Louis Napoleon : dam Honda, chestnut, bred by A. J. Alexander, Spring Sta- tion, Ky., got by Wedgewood, son of Belmont; 2d dam Hermosa, bay, bred by R. A. Alexander, Sprmg Station, Ky., got by Edwin Forrest, son of Bay Kentucky Hunter ; 3d dam Black Rose, black, said to be by Tom Teemer, son of old Tom ; and 4th dam by Cannon's \Vhip, son of Blackburn's Whip. Sold to Frank Mason, Wichita, Kan. ; to Swarts & Oaks ; to W. B. Oaks, Silver City, la. Pedigree from catalogue of breeder. Sire of Monala, 2:29!^. HA-HA (3-64), 2:22)^, brown, 15^ hands, iioo pounds; foaled about 1 879 : bred by Fred Arnold, Stockton, Cal. ; got by Nephew, son of Hambino, by Edward Everett, son of Hambletonian : dam the Ryan mare, bred by Mike Ryan, Stockton, Cal., got by McCracken's Black Hawk, son of Black Hawk; 2d dam Billing's Mare, 15 J^ hands, bay, bred by John Williams, St. Louis, Mo., got by Randlett's Royal Oak, son of Black Hawk; 3d dam said to be by Watkin's Young Highlander. Sold to Harvey Belden, Stockton, Cal. Pedigree from breeder. Sire of Josie C, 2 :25}4- HAIL CLOUD, brown, foaled 1891 ; bred by J. AL Leet, Maryville, Mo.; got by Herschel, son of Belmont : dam Lady Dingman, bay, foaled 1883 ; bred by James Miller, Paris, Ky. ; got by Favorite Wilkes, son of George Wilkes ; 2d dam Lucy Dingman, said to be by Hailstorm, son of Mam- brino Patchen ; 3d dam by Snake, son of Mambrino Patchen ; and 4th dam by Gossip Jones. -~ Sire of 6 pacers (2:18^). HAILSTORM (1-128), chestnut, blaze in face, 16 hands, 1200 pounds; foaled 1872 ; bred by J. H. Chiles, Lexington, Ky. ; got by Mambrino Patchen, which see: dam Sallie, said to be by Alexander's Edwin Forrest, son of Bay Kentucky Hunter; 2d dam by Downing's Black High- lander, son of Crusader, by Blackburn's Whip ; and 3d dam by Lance, son of American Eclipse. Sold to L. Herr, Lexington, Ky. ; to John AMERICAN STALLION REGISTER 3 Monahan, to W. S. Thompson, both of Springfield, O. ; to P. Eastman, ChiUicothe, O. Pedigree from daughter of W. S. Thompson. Sire of Quaker Girl, 2:30; Jenny Wren, 2:17^/^ : 11 dams of 8 trotters, 5 pacers. HAKODA (1-64), bay; foaled 1891 ; bred by A. E. P.ansom, Salina, Kan. ; got by Johannes, son of Princeps : dam Larkspur, foaled 18S3, bred by Allen Cook, Danville, Ky. ; got by Lightheart, son of Cuyler ; 2d dam Fanny, said to be by Vidette, son of Vindex ; and 3d dam by Stock- bridge Duke. Sire of Jim Koda, 2 :29. HAL (FRY'S). See Brown Hal (Fry's), Vol. I., p. 379. HAL B (1-32), 2:04^, bay, with black points, 16 hands, 1140 pounds; foaled 1893; bred by M. McNulty, West Andover, O. ; got by Hal Dillard, (2 :o4^), son of Brown Hal : dam Ellen M., said to be by Blue Boy, son of Blue Buck ; 2d dam Punch, bay, bred by Mr. Wilson, got by Blue Bull ; 3d dam chestnut, bred by Mr. Wilson, got by Copperbottom. Sold to John L. Wintz, Scranton, Penn. ; to L S. Young, North Glen- ford, Can. ; to D. H. Mast, West Milton, O. Advertised in "Breeder & Sportsman," Dec. 11, 1904, at Los Angeles, until April 15. Sire of Red Path 2 :2.-]Y^ ; 9 pacers (2 :o6^). HALBERT (1-128), bay; foaled 1884; bred by Richard West, Lexington, Ky. ; got by Egbert, son of Hambletonian : dam Miss Patchen, black, bred by Herr & Blackford, Lexington, Ky., got by Mambrino Patchen ; 2d dam Kate Messenger, said to be by Bay Messenger Jr., son of Bay Messenger ; and 3d dam by Young Davy Crockett, son of Davy Crocket. Sold to Samuel D. Puett, Rochville, Ind. Sire of Maud Halbert, 2 :3o; i dam of i trotter. HAL BOY (1-16), Said to be by Aldrich's Tom Hal. Sire oi American Girl, 2:15%; i dam of i pacer. HAL BRADEN (1-32), 2:075^, bay; 15^ hands, iioo pounds; foaled 1 888; bred by Campbell Brown, Springfield, Tenn. ; got by Brown Hal, son of Tom Hal Jr. : dam Kate Braden, bay, bred by E. F. Geers and A. N. Akin, Columbia, Tenn., got by Bay Tom, son of Bledsoe's Tom Hal ; 2d dam Lulu Braden, black, bred by W. M. Boyd, Marbut, Tenn., got by Brownlow's Traveler. Sold to Titley Bros., Chicora, Penn. Pedigree from breeder. Sire of 4 pacers (2:15^) ; I sire of 3 pacers. HALBRON (1-32), bay; foaled 1897; bred by George Campbell Brown, Spring Hill, Tenn. ; got by Brown Hal, son of Tom Hal Jr. : dam Kate Braden (dam of Hal Braden which see), by Bay Tom 2 :23. Sire of Donna Hal (2 :i7%) : 2 dams of 2 pacers. 4 AMERICAN STALLION REGISTER HAL CAMPBELL (3-128), said to be by Brown Hal, son of Tom Hal Jr. Sire of Phoebe Hal, 2 :23}4- HALCANTARA (3-256), bay; foaled 1887; bred by Elizus Smith, Lee, Mass. ; got by Alcantara, son of George Wilkes : dam Racquette, brown, bred by W. & V. L. Polk, Columbia, Teim., got by Enfield, son of Hambletonian ; 2d dam Heel-and-Toe Fanny, bay, bred by Charles •Ford, Frankfort, Ky., got by John Innes, son of Crusader (Low's) ; 3d dam said to be by Bay Buck, son of Gray Florizel (Lowery's). Sold to John Wilbur, Palmer, Mass. Sire of 2 pacers (2 :2i34)- HAL CARTER (1-32), 2 :223^, brown, 15^ hands, 1250 pounds; foaled 1888 ; bred by Campbell Brown, Spring Hill, Tenn., and A. W. McKay, Columbia, Tenn. ; got by Brown Hal : dam Ada, black, bred by James Kannon, Glendale, Tenn., got by Brown Trigham, son of Young Brooks ; 2d dam Laura, bred by Wm. Gaunt, Sr., Columbia, Tenn., got by Lowndes, son of Childe Harold ; 3d dam Alice, bred by Wm. Gaunt, got by Brown Pilot ; 4th dam Rachel, said to be by Stockholder. Sold to A. W. McKay, Columbia, Tenn. Pedigree from catalogue of breeder. Sire of 4 pacers (2 :i2%) ; i sire of i pacer ; i dam of i pacer. HAL CLARK untraced. Sire of Queen Hal 2 :I2J4. HAL CLIPPER (5-256), 2:071^; bay; foaled 1895; bred by W. T. Reese, Bowling Green, O. ; got by Hal Dillard, son of Brown Hal : dam Wilkes Vein, bay, bred by Albert L. Winship, Rushville, Ind., got by Grand Wilkes; 2d dam Nelly Winship, said to be by Blue Vein, son of Blue Bull. Sire of Hal Thomas, 2 :22%. HALCORN, bay; foaled 1824; bred by B. P. Todd, Nottoway County, Va. ; got by Virginia, son of Sir Archy : dam said to be by Shylock, son of imported Bedford ; 2d dam by Diomed, son of imported Diomed ; and 3d dam by imported Shark. Sold 1830, to S. V. Filson and went to Fleming County, Ky., 1831. HALCORN said to be by imported Halcorn. Sire of third dam of Dunette, 2 :'2.2y^. HALCORN (HATHA WAY'S OR PETER'S), bay; foaled 1835; bred by Philip Hathorn, Montgomery County, Ky. ; got by Halcorn, son of Virginia : dam said to be by Getaway's Thunderbolt, son of Elba. Owned about 1850 by Judge Peters, Mount Sterling, Ky. Died 1858. HALCORN, dark bay; 16 hands; said to be by Halcorn, son of Virginia by Sir Archy. AMERICAN STALLION REGISTER 5 Advertised 1855 to make season one mile west of Walnut Hill Meet- ing House, Ky., at the farm of D. Clinton Armstrong, by A. Phelps, of Jessamine. A horse of this name said to be of the Virginia and Kentucky stock, was exhibited at State Fair, Indiana, 1855. Owned in Putnam County. HALDANE (1-16), 2:26^, bay, 15^ hands, 1165 pounds; foaled 1883; bred by R. G. Stoner, Paris, Ky. ; got by Mambrino Russell, son of Woodford Mambrino : dam Brownie (dam of Baron Browne, 2:26^), brown, bred by W. G. Baldwin, Ticonderoga, N. Y. ; got by Daniel Lambert, son of Ethan Allen ; 2d dam Jennie (dam of Nonesuch and Col. Moulton), black, bred by W. G. Baldwin, got by Bigelow's Black Hawk, son of Black Hawk. Sold to Geo. L. Clark, Meriden, Conn., who sends pedigree. Died 1893. Sire of 13 trotters (2 :i6i4) ; 9 pacers (2 :i8l^) ; i dam of 2 trotters. HAL DE FACTO (3-128), said to be by Brown Hal, son of Tom Hal Jr. Sire of Hal P., 2 :24%. HAL DILLARD (1-32), 2:04^, bay, 16^ hands, 1200 pounds; foaled 1887 ; bred by Campbell Brown, Spring Hill, Tenn. ; got by Brown Hal, son of Tom Hal Jr. : dam Annie Pointer, bay, bred by Capt. H. P. Pointer, Spring Hill, Tenn., got by John Dillard Jr. ; 2d dam Clara, said to be by Maury Chief, son of old Traveler. Sold to T. C. Parsons, Cleveland, O. ; to Charles R. Durand, Jackson, Mich. Pedigree from breeder. Sire ot 3 trotters, 2:11; 53 pacers (2:04^) ; 6 sires ot 2 trotters, 14 pacers; 2 dams I trotter i pacer, HALEDON (1-16), bred by Severn Eyre, Eastville, Va. ; got by Walker Morrill, son of Winthrop Morrill : dam said to be by Pimlico, son of Donerail ; and 2d dam Maggie, by Captain. HALEY (1-16), 2:17, bay, 16 hands, 1170 pounds; foaled 1889; bred by W. D. Haley, Gardiner, Me. ; got by Nelson, son of Young Rolfe : dam Graynose, black, bred by H. S. Russell, Milton, Mass., got by Fear- naught, son of young Morrill; 2d dam Lady Balch, bred by Mr. Balch, Waterville, Me., got by Rising Sun, son of Rising Sun ; 3d dam Lady- Fisher. Sold to C. P. Small, Lincoln, Me. Pedigree from breeder. Sire of 4 trotters (2 :20%) ; 2 pacers, 2 :24}4. HAL FOSTER, said to be by Young Hal. Sire of Zim, 2 :2i. HAL FETZER (1-64), said to be by Fry's Hal which see : and dam by Bob Hal. Sire of Hal J., 2 :2o. 6 AMERICAN STALLION REGISTER HAL GAVELIN not traced. Sire of Pearl A., 2:13%. HAL INDEX (3-64), 2:205^, gray, 15 ^^ hands, 1200 pounds; foaled 1886; bred by Campbell Brown, Spring Hill, Tenn. ; got by Tom Hal Jr., son of Kittrell's Tom Hall : dam Stella, gray, bred by H. P. Pointer, Spring Hill, Tenn., got by George Washington, son of Pointer Slasher; 2d dam Sweepstakes, dam of Hal Pointer, which see, said to be by McMeen's Traveler. Sold to W. B. Bath ; to Irby Boyd ; to J. T. Ferguson & Sons, Memphis, Tenn., who send information. Died 1905. Hal Index, was sire of The Maid, 2 -.05^, a fast pacing mare that at one time held the four-year-old record. She was bred by J. T. Fergu- son & Son of Eylan Stock Farm, Memphis, Tenn., who writes August 9, 1899 : "We are in receipt of your card of August 5, and take pleasure in sending you, as requested, breeding and history of The Maid. "The Maid four years old, bay mare, 16 hands high, by Hal Index, 2 :20}^, dam Frankie, by St. Ehno ; second dam a Kentucky mare of untraced breeding. Hal Index, by Tom Hal (sire of Brown Hal), dam Stella, by George Washington ; second dam Sweepstakes, dam of Hal Pointer and Star Pointer. The Maid was bred by us at our Eylan Stock Farm, Sanderdale County, Tenn. She was broken in the spring as a two-year-old, and worked perhaps six weeks or two months that year." " * * * * From the above it will be seen that The Maid is by Hal Index, 2 :20_^, a developed sire of old Tom Hal. His dam, Stella, was a gray mare, by George Washington, son of Taylor's Henry Hal, by Kittrell's Tom Hal ; Kittrell's Hal was sire of Tom Hal, the sire of Brown Hal ; second dam Sweepstakes, by Knight's Snow Heels who was traced to Kittrell's Hal. George Washington, got Gen. Hardee, bred by William Fowler, Connersville, Marshall County, Tenn. ; dam said to be by Traveler, son of Gregg's Stump, by Stump the Dealer, son of Timoleon, by Sir Archy. * * *" — The Horse Review, Aug. I J, i8gg. Sire of 3 pacers (2:05%). HAL K. (1-64), 2 :i45^; brown; foaled 1890; bred by S. W. Knight, Ft. Worth, Tex. ; got by Dan Harding, son of Tom Hal Jr. : dam Lady Knight, said to be by Snow Heels Jr., son of Knight's Snow Heels. Siie of 4 pacers (2 :io^). HAL LANE (3-256), said to be by a son of Brown Hal by Tom Hal Jr. Sire of Helen C, 2 :i6%. HALL COLT (1-64), brown; 15^ hands; 1000 pounds; foaled 1872; bred by Otis N. & J. Preston Hall, Fredonia, N. Y. ; got by Bajardo, son of Stephen A. Douglas : dam bay, bred by Harry Flint, Portland, N. Y., got by Silvertail, a Canadian horse. Sold to Sidney Wilson, Wash- ington, D. C. Pedigree from breeder. Sire of Gray Duke 2:29%. AMERICAN STALLION REGISTER 7 HALL HORSE (1-16), gray; foaled 1862 ; bred by Edward Hall, Concord, Mich. ; got by Marshall Chief, son of Kilburn's Hero : dam untraced. Sold to James Deys, Jackson, Mich., who gelded him. Pedigree from breeder. Sire of Little Sam, 2 :2g. HALL HORSE (BROKEN-LEGGED TIGE), spotted; bred by Levi Hall, Hatley, P. Q. ; got by Merriam's Goldfinder. HALLOWEEN (3-128), bay, round star, and both hind feet white above ankles; foaled 1888; bred by W. T. Withers, Lexington, Ky. ; got by Aberdeen, son of Hambletonian : dam Glorietta, bay, bred by W. T. Withers, got by Almont, son of Alexander's Abdallah ; 2d dam Bettie Stone, bay, bred by Samuel Brown, Greenup Co., Ky., got by Spaulding's Abdallah, son of Abdallah ; 3d dam, said to be by Whitehall, Pedigree from catalogue of breeder. Sire of Hallock, 2 :29*4- HALLYMONT (1-32), bay; foaled 1886; bred by Ed. Galvin, Fredonia, Penn. ; got by Bay Tom : dam Mattie W., bay, bred by Ed. Galvin, got by Hull, son of Belmont ; 2d dam Lady Hays, said to be by Case's Dave Hill, son of Dave Hill ; 3d dam Miss Heath, bay, bred by F. Mack, Williamsfield, O., got by Young Napoleon (Canadian). Sold to S. N. Fulkerson, New Castle, Penn.; to J. E. Collette, Chippewa Falls, Wis.; to E. S. Burwell, Cottage Grove, Wis. Sire of Glen Alio, 2 :i9%. HAL PARKER (3-128), 2:11^; black; foaled 1889; bred by J. W. Alexander, Spring Hill, Tenn. ; got by Brown Hal, son of Tom Hal Jr. : dam Annie Hatton, said to be by Bol) Hatton. Sire of 4 pacers, {z:ojY^). HAL PATCHEN, 2:151^; brown; foaled 1892; bred by James Cun- ningham, Mattoon, 111. ; got by Valentine : dam Dixie, bred by James Cunningham, got by Black Dick, son of Nigger Dick ; 2d dam Daisy, said to be by Dr. Herr, son of Mambrino Patchen ; 3d dam Nelly, untraced. Sire of Charley Patch, 2 :09%. HAL PLEX (1-32) ; said to be by Duplex, son of Bay Tom Jr. : dam Sadie B., by Tom Hal, son of Kittrell's Tom Hal ; and 2d dam Lena, by Kerr's Clipper. Sire of Bonnie Hal, 2 :22^. HALRANE, (3-128), 2 :ioi^ ; brown ; foaled 1893 ; bred by T. C. Anglin and R. I. Cook, Lexington, Ky. ; got by Wilkes Boy, son of George Wilkes : dam Grace Medium, gray, bred by Louis Cook, Georgetown, 8 AMERICAN STALLION REGISTER Ky., got by Happy Medium, son of Hambletonian ; 2d dam Grade Goodman, gray, foaled 1870, said to be by Peacock, son of Benton's Diomed ; and 3d dam Belle, by Drennon. Sire of Margaret McCoy, 2:16^ ; 3 pacers (2:1754). HAL POINTER (1-16), 2:04^^, bay, large star, left hind foot white, 153^ hands, 11 29 pounds; foaled 1884; bred by Henry P. Pointer, Spring Hill, Tenn. ; got by Tom Hal (Gibson's), son of Kittrell's Tom Hal : dam Sweepstakes, bred by Armstrong Glenn, Glenn's Store, Tenn., got by Snow Heels, son of Tom Hal (Knight's) ; 2d dam Lize (or Kit), bred by Williamson Blair, Kedron, Tenn., got by Traveler (McMean's), son of Sugg's Stump ; 3d dam a roan mare bought by Mr. Williamson Blair in Kentucky for $300 at 18 months old, and was said to be thoroughbred; but nothing is known of her pedigree. Pedigree from Tennessee Pacing Horse Breeders' Association, S. N. Warren, Secretary, Spring Hill, Tenn. Hal Pointer, whose pacing record is 2 104 J^, was once a saddle horse. Major Campbell Brown wrote as follows in January, 1890 : " Our fastest pacers are to be, also, our best saddle horses. For instance, the writer has never mounted a finer natural saddle animal than Brown Hal, 2 :i25^. His daughter, Susie B., with a trial of 2:18, is almost equally good. Mattie Hunter, 2 :i2^, won many premiums in the saddle ring before she became noted as a pacer. Hal Pointer, 2:13, was a remarkable saddle horse for his age. Little Brown Jug, 2 :ii%, w'as, as his former owner states, a first-class saddle horse." " Hal Pointer is now eight years old, and he ranks high as a competitor in races ; when right he fights to the end. Mr. Hamlin says that he can make a trotter of him, and he probably will educate him that way, and start him in slow races as he did Wardwell. A horse which is good under the saddle, good as a pacer, good as a trotter and good at the plow is an all around horse of decided value." — \_Excha)ige. " Hal Pointer started in eight races in 1S90, and did not suffer a defeat. Last year he was one of the busiest pacers on the turf. He started in fourteen races and won first money in eleven of them. He was sick at Philadelphia, where he started September 2, against Johnston (2 :o634^), and Yolo Maid. Hal Pointer won the first and second heats in 2 :i2, 2 :iS/i> but Johnston got the next three in 2 •.isj4, 2 :2i^, 2 123]^. Hal Pointer was drawn in the last heat. He was defeated in straight heats by Direct at Nashville, Tenn., Oct. 21, in 2 :io, 2 :og}^, 2:11. He was also beaten by Direct over the kite-shaped tracks at Columbia, Tenn , Oct. 26, but forced the little black wonder to go three faster heats than were ever before made in single harness, viz. : 2 :o9, 2 :o8, 2 :o8^. Died at Village Farm, Buffalo, N. Y., Nov. 13, 1903." — \_Ex- change. HALSEY HOUSE HORSE (1-4), dark dapple chestnut, stripe in face, white hind feet, about 15 hands, 950 pounds; foaled about 1845 ; bred by Halsey House, Berlin, Vt., long since dead ; got by Napoleon, an old horse owned in Massachusetts (see Napoleon, Foss'), pedigree unknown : AMERICAN STALLION REGISTER g dam brown, bred by Reuben Smith, Tunbridge, Orange County, Vt. ; got by Justin Morgan, and over 30 years old when House Colt was foaled. Above information from D. W. Cowdery, South Royalton, Vt., who writes : " Reuben Smith is dead and all of his family that I ever knew. The old mare was owned by Josiah S. Burett at the time the House Colt was foaled, and had been for years before, a near neighbor of mine in Tunbridge, Vt. I owned colts from the old mare at different times ; the last one was foaled after the old mare was 35 years old, color chestnut, white in face and four white feet, 14)^ hands high, less than 900 pounds, very stylish, sharp driver for those days. I sold him when five years old to a horse dealer from Massachusetts for ^225, which was a big price for a horse those times." ^ HAL STOCKINGS (1-64), 2:151^; black; foaled 1893; bred by J. Harris, Moresville, Tenn. ; got by Fry's Brown Hal : dam Pick, black, foaled 1S79 ; said to be by Earnhart's Brooks. Sire oi Birth Mark, 2:i3J4- HAL STRANGER (1-32), brown; foaled 1897; bred by John H. Shults, Port Chester, N. Y. ; got by Stranger, son of Gen. Washington : dam Laurel, 2 1093^, bay, bred by Campbell Brown, Spring Hill, Tenn., got by Brown Hal, son of Tom Hal Jr. (Gibson's) ; 2d dam Myrtle, bay, bred by Campbell Brown, got by Enfield, son of Hambletonian ; 3d dam Minette, said to be by Ericsson, son of Mambrino Chief ; and 4th dam Minnie Clyde, by Brignoli (Mambrino Prince) son of Mambrino Chief. Sold to John Donavan, Jr., St. Joseph, Mo. ; to F. E. Marsh, Chicago, 111. ; to Wm. A. French, Dundee, Mich. HAL WILKES (1-64), 2 '.1']%, chestnut, said to be by Beaumont, son of Belmont : dam, untraced. Sire of Flossie Fotta, 2 : 14%. HALWOOD (1-32), brown; said to be by Wedgewood, son of Belmont: and dam Osyka, foaled 1884, bred by Campbell Brown, Spring Hill, Tenn., got by Brown Hal, son of Tom Hal Jr. ; 2d dam Bessie Taylor, bay, bred by Campbell Brown, got by Enfield, son of Hambletonian. Sold to Dan Collins, Joplin, Mo. Sire of Sandown, 2:12^ ; 3 pacers. HAM, 2:37^; black; foaled 1872: untraced. Sold to Benjamin F. Dewier, St. Louis, Mo. ; to F. J. Culler, Tipton, Mo. Sire of 2 trotters, (2:1614). HAMBLEHAWK, bay; foaled 187 1 ; bred by Charles R. Bull, Oxford Depot, N. Y. ; got by Hambletonian : dam Jessie Bull, dam of Blue Grass, which see. Sold to J. M. Fisher, West Liberty, la. Sire of 2 trotters (2 :3o) ; 4 dams of 3 trotters, i pacer, lo AMERICAN STALLION REGISTER HAMBLETON, 2:263^; brown, white hind feet; 15^ hands; iioo pounds; foaled 1875; bred by A. H. Taylor, Central Valley, Orange County, N. Y. ; got by Florida, son of Hambletonian : dam Lady WoodhuU, bay, hind feet white, bred by Justice Cooley, Little Britain, Orange County, N. Y., got by Hambletonian, son of Abdallah ; 2d dam gray, bred by EHas Gerow, Washingtonville, Orange County, N. Y., got by Young Hickory, son of Wells' Hickory. Sold to Cornelius Davis, Oxford Depot, Orange County, N. Y. ; to Richard W. Woodhull ; to A. H. Taylor, Central Valley, N. Y. Sire of 3 trotters (2:22) ; 3 dam of 2 trotters, 2 pacers. HAMBLETO^, 1534; hands; foaled 1778; said to be by Golden Farmer, imported to America by John Hutchinson. Advertised in New Jersey Journal 1783. HAMBLETON (FRANK'S), said to be by Highland Boy, son of Hamlet. Sire of Nelly Bruce, z:ioY^. HAMBLETONIAN, chestnut sorrel ; 16 hands; said to be by imported Diomed. Owned by John Polluck, five miles from Lexington in Fayette County, Ky. Advertised 181 1 by Joseph Faulkner. A famous race horse. HAMBLETONIAN, foaled 1792; bred by Mr. Hutchinson, Skipton, near York, England ; got by King Fergus : dam gray Highflyer, bred by A. Halls foaled 1782, got by Highflyer, son of King Herod; 2d dam Mon- imia, by Matchem ; 3d dam by Alcides; 4th dam by Crab ; 5 th dam, dam of Snip. Sold to Sir C. Turner, 1795. Died Mar. 28, 18 18. " He once ran out of the course at York, and paid one forfeit to Sterl- ing (for being amiss) at Newmarket ; but never was beat. * * His performances have ranked him in an equal degree of retrospective celeb- rity with Eclipse, Highflyer, Diomed, and the most famous runners of the past or present day." — Taplin's Sport. Diet. HAMBLETONIAN, bay; 16 hands; said to be by Sir Archie. Advertised in the "Raleigh (N. C.) Register," 1826. HAMBLETONIAN. Advertised by Wm. M. Rysdyk, 1852, 1853, 1855, 1856, terms $25 to I50, at Chester, Orange County, N. Y. The adver- tisement of April 4, 1857, is as follows : Hambletonian, one of the sons of Abdallah, will be kept for a limited number of mares, at the stable of Wm. M. Rysdyk, at Chester, Orange County, N. Y., from April ist to Aug. ist. Twenty-five the season and I35 to insure a mare with foal. Season money due the first day of Au- gust next and insurance money March ist, 1858. Any person having a mare insured and parting with her before the time of foaling will be held accountable for the insurance money, unless it is made to appear that the mare is not with foal. AMERICAN STALLION REGISTER n PEDIGREE. Hambletonian was got by the celebrated stallion Abdallah and he by Old Mambrino and he by imported Messenger. His dam was the Chas. Kent Mare by imported Bellfounder ; grandam old One Eye, by Ham- iltonian and he by imported Messenger and his dam also by imported Messenger, and the dam of old One Eye was by imported Messenger. He is eight years old this spring, nearly i6 hands high; color, bright bay with two white hind feet, and he can show more good stock for the road or track than any other stallion in the State of his age. He can also trot a mile in less than 2 •.\o. Gentlemen living at a distance and wishing the services of this horse must send in their letters at once so that I may be ready to receive the mares when they come. Wm. M. Rysdyk. It will be seen that in this first pedigree given to Hambletonian by Mr. Rysdyk, two very serious errors are made. One that the dam of Bishop's Hamiltonian was by imported Messenger, and the other, that Silvertail, the 3d dam of Hambletonian was by imported Messenger. The dam of Bishop's Hamiltonian is uncertain ; but the statement made in his early advertisements, and in the advertisements of his full brother, Plato, that she was a Virginia bred mare, and by imported Shark, is a fair said to be, and has been generally accepted. The testimony of Dr. Townsend Seeley (born 1790, married 1817, died 1885), the oldest son of Jonas Seeley, Sr., who bred Silvertail, dam of One Eye, is conclusive that her sire was a stallion owned or kept by Thaddeus Seeley of Oxford, Orange County, N. Y., a cousin of Jonas Seeley, Sr. The statement that this stallion was gray would appear to have been made also by Mr. Townsend Seeley. And the statement he was by im- ported Messenger has been credited to him, but we doubt very much whether he said it. For if he had known that the horse was a son of imported Messenger, it is most reasonable to suppose that he would also have known his name and history including breeder and full breeding. As none of these facts have been given the only knowledge we have to date is that Silvertail, the 3d dam of Hambletonian, was foaled about 1808, and got by a stallion owned by Thaddeus Seeley of Oxford, Orange County, N. Y. In regard to One Eye, the 2d dam of Hambletonian, the information is even more indefinite. It is not certainly known who bred her, or the year she was foaled, or indeed any circumstances connected with her breeding. Mr. Townsend Seeley states that he took Silvertail, her dam, to Mr. Thaddeus Seeley's to be bred. He also states that this dam was purchased by his father of a neighbor, Mr. Dearman ; and gives description and charcteristics of the mare, and quite full description of Silvertail. The further trouble in accepting the breeding as generally given One Eye is, that it is of a similar character and originated at the Same time 12 AMERICAN STALLION REGISTER as the entirely erroneous statements before referred to, that the dam of Bishop's Hamiltonian, and also Silvertail were by imported Messenger. In Mr. Helm's book "American Roadsters," page 154, Mr. Helm says : " I herewith insert parts of two letters already given to the public, the first addressed to myself by Dr. Townsend Seeley of Kendall County, 111., a man above 80 years of age of most agreeable address, an elder in the Presbyterian church and held in the highest esteem in the com- munity in which he lived for over 30 years past ; at my request he penned in his own way the following : "'About the year iSoo my father traded with George Dearman, and got a mare called Jin ; black with large bald face and two white feet. * * * * One Eye was a foal of Silvertail, she was a bright bay with a ewe neck and carried her head very high ; was a splendid mare, and at 20 years old would move of? with all the vigor of youth. I think her sire was Hamiltonian [Mr. Helm spells this word incorrectly, Hambletonian], but the record will inform you.' " Here it will be seen that Dr. Townsend Seeley dodged the point of saying that One Eye was by Bishop's Hamiltonian, and if he called the horse Hambletonian he could not properly have referred to the Bishop Horse, as that horse was not called by that name until some years later. See Hamiltonian (Bishop's). The illustration of the looseness with which those most interested in the horse first gave his pedigree, must make every prudent man careful about accepting any part of it not sustained by outside and contempora- neous evidence. To sum up it is practically certain, as certain as any pedigree can be, that Hambletonian was got by Abdallah : dam the Charles Kent Mare, by imported Bellfounder ; that Abdallah was got by Mambrino ; dam Amazonia, breeding unknown ; and that Mambrino was got by imported Messenger : dam said to be by imported Sour Krout, son of Highflyer ; 2d dam by imported Whirligig, son of J^ord Portmore's Captain ; 3d dam Maria Slammerkin, by imported Wildair, and 4th dam De Lancey's imported Cub Mare by Cub. At this point (Wildair) Hambletonian traces to the same source as the original Justin Morgan ; which Justin Morgan reached in two generations, and Hambletonian in six. The pedigree here given of Mambrino is certified to by Lewis Morris, and although the breeders of the first two dams are not given the cir- cumstances connected with the history of imported Sour Krout, and im- ported Whirligig, as well as the high character of Mr. Morris, who certi- fies to the breeding, makes it presumably correct. A stallion called Little Briton, got by imported old Champion : dam by imported Janus ; 2d dam imported by Gen. Herd, New Jersey, and got by old True Briton, is advertised 1808 in the Political Index of Newburgh, N. Y., to be kept at the stable of Thaddeus Seeley of Oxford, N. Y. This horse is described as " seven years old last grass, 15-3 hands. AMERICAN STALLION REGLSTER 13 remarkably active and good tempered, bred by Sam Seaman, Long Island, and has been kept by Noah Townsend. Signed, John Woodruff." The same horse is advertised by Ebenezer Seeley and John Ketchum, to be kept at Bethlehem, New Windsor and Newbiirgh, and is probably the sire of Silvertail. We have not yet fomid any other stallions advertised by the Seeley family in Orange County at about this time, but we do find two sons of Messenger advertised, as follows : "Napper Tandy in 1808 and 1809 in Cornwall; got by old Mes- senger : dam by Othello ; grandam Bold Briton ; great grandam by True Briton, gray, 16 hands. For figure, bone and activity equal to any. Signed, Chas. Southerland." "Nestor; dapple gray; rising five years old; full 16 hands high; remarkably lengthly and loftly in his carriage ; bony, strong and moves fine ; stock very promising ; by imported Jvlessenger : dam by imported Eclipse; 2d dam a full bred mare. Nehemiah Firm, Warwick, 1807." We will now insert the pedigree of Hambletonian so far as known. Hambletonian, bay, with hind feet white ; 15 hands 3^ inch at withers and 15 hands 2]i^ inches at hips; foaled 1849; bred by Jonas Seeley, Orange County, N. Y. ; got by Abdallah, son of Mambrino, by imported Messenger : dam Charles Kent Mare, dark bay, with black points, except a little white on one hind foot, 15 12 hands, a mare of much merit that was sold when young to Peter Seeley, who sold to Ebenezer Pray, drover, and he to William Chivers, butcher in Fulton INIarket, New York, of whom she was purchased by Charles Kent, New York, who sold her for ^800 to Dick Carman, a wealthy builder of Washington Heights, New York, in whose possession she was injured in running down hill, and bought back for $100 by Charles Kent and Daniel Sweeny, bred twice to Abdallah then standing in New Jersey, and sold with six weeks old colt by her side for ^130 to Jonas Seeley, of Sugar Loaf, Orange County, N. Y. ; bred by Josiah Jackson, Oxford, N. Y., got by the cele- brated trotting horse imported Bellfounder. Second dam One Eye, bay or brown, with a little white in face and white ankle, 15^ hands; foaled about 1 8 1 5 : a mare of much resolution, probably bred by Jonas Seeley, Sr., Sugar Loaf, Orange County, N. Y. ; said to be by Bishop's Hamiltonian, son of Lnported Messenger, but not a particle of specific information to sustain it, which, as we think, would have been forthcoming if it was true ; 3d dam Silvertail, black, with snip, roan rump and tail, about 1200 pounds; foaled about 1808; bred by Jonas Seeley, Sr., Sugar Loaf, N. Y. ; got by a gray stallion owned by Thaddeus Seeley, Oxford, Orange County, N. Y. ; 4th dam old Black Jin, black, with stripe in face, and white hind feet, bought by Mr. Seeley of George Dearman, In the advertisement of 1853 Mr, Rysdyk says : 14 AMERICAN STALLION REGISTER "He is bright bay, 15^ hands and white hind feet." The height as we have given it is from exact measurement in 1873 by Peter C. Kellogg (Hark Comstock), New York. Hamiltonian (Bishop's) is advertised at C. Sutherland's, Cornwall, in 1812 and 1 81 5, by Townsend Cock, and also at Goshen, N. Y., in 18 14. LETTERS RECEIVED. We have received the following letters referring to Hambletonian and horses more or less connected with his history : Sugar Loaf, N. Y., March 29, 1886. Mr. Joseph Battell. Dear Sir : — Mr. John Dean has recovered from his sickness and this is the information gained from him : Black mare raised by Jonas Seeley, but bred by J. Jackson, of Oxford, Orange County, N. Y., from Tom Thumb when standing at Bound Brook, N. J., about 1844, but bred to Drake's Black Hawk and had a horse colt that went to Wellsburg, Chemung County, N. Y. Jonas Seeley bought her dam of Charles Kent. She (the Kent Mare) was a trifle lame in the hip but hardly to be noticed. That was all that I could think of to ask him : if there is any thing more, let me know. Yours truly, R. B. Roy. JoLiET, III., April 17, 1891. Joseph Battell, Rip ton, Vt. Dear Sir : — Yours of 14th duly at hand. Thanks for compliment. I am sorry I can give you but Httle information in return. I left Orange County quite young about 1848 or 49, being only a boy, conse- quently recollect but little about the dams of horses referred to, but I think I can give you the address of parties who can furnish you what you want. Mrs. Mollie Andrews, Goshen, Orange County, N. Y., is the only child of Uncle Edmund Seeley living. Her mother, who was much younger than Uncle, is still living at Goshen also. I think they will take pleasure in finding the information you desire. Aunt Helen A. Satterly of Aurora, Kane County, 111., is the only one of the twelve children of Grandfather Seeley who is now living, she was the youngest and now nearly 90. Edmund S. Satterly her son lives at Na-Au-Say, Kendall County, 111. Write him to question his mother. I am sure she will recollect both of the old mares for her memory is unu- sually good for one of her age. It is not likely she will know anything about their breeding. If you cannot get the information from that source write John S. Seeley, Oswego, Kendall County, 111., a son of Uncle Dr. Townsend Seeley, he is several years older than I am and I think he will remember one of the mares at least. The Kent Mare had but one eye. I saw my father Peter Seeley accidently knock it out one Sunday morning when washing her legs. There was a straight stretch of road in front of the house where he used to speed her under saddle ; had nothing lighter in the country them days than a 500-pound wagon. I guess I wrote you that I rode her down to Chester at the time she was bred to old Abdallah, and I now remember of speeding her, lame as she was, over the stretches. The old mare was a wonderful strong going mare even then. I suppose you have a true description of all the old sires I mentioned. I remember them all as well as of yesterday. Ab- AMERICAN STALLION REGISTER 15 dallah was undoubtedly the homeliest horse ever kept for service, sway backed, rat tailed, an unusually long head and ears, very long in the pastern and very short to the hock, legs a little on the sickle order, but to a horseman he was perfection except in general appearance. Bill Webber was a very small man. I do not remember ever seeing Tom Thumb in a race, but he had another stallion called Fiddler ready for anything that came along trotting or running, I have seen him run and trot a race the same day. I remember one trotting race in partic- ular when near the outcome Bill encouraged Fiddler in this way : " Go long Fiddler, don't let me lose my money. Don't I feed you good oats, etc.?" And Fiddler was always sure to appreciate his good usage. Lady Whitman, bred by Geo. Whitman near Chester was related to him ; was a blood bay, rangy, about 15-3. I came west in '51, since then most of the old time men have passed away but I think some of the younger ones to whom I have referred you can give you the information you desire. I have often heard both father and uncle speak of both of the old mares. The Kent Mare had one roan pastern, the off one, inherited probably from her grand dam. Very truly yours, Jonas Seeley. Oswego, III., May 2, 1891. Mr. Joseph Battell, Bread Loaf Inn, Ripton, Vt. Dear Sir : — Yours of 2 2d, April is at hand. I do not know that what I remember of those celebrated mares will be of much account in getting up a history of them. I remember One Eye when I was quite a small boy and am now over 72 years old. I am well satisfied she was bred by my grandfather Jonas Seeley of Orange County, N. Y., who was the father of Jonas Seeley who owned the Charles Kent Mare, as she was called, and bred Hambletonian and sold her and colt to William Rysdyk. I know she was bred to Abdallah. He was kept near where I lived by another uncle, Ebenezer Seeley and I collected his book the last year he was in Orange County which was the year he got Hambletonian. My father was a physician and when I was quite small his horse gave out and grandfather lent him One Eye to use, and while he had her he drove her to Elmira, 180 miles, over a hilly country. Have heard them tell how soon they went but do not remember the time but quicker than the trip was usually made. I cannot attempt to describe her accurately. She was w^ell formed, a good sized (for a road horse) bay mare, and as I recollect her, the Charles Kent Mare (her daughter) resembled her. I have no recollection of ever seeing Silvertail. Have heard my father tell of riding her before oxen to plow as was the fashion in those days. I saw Mrs. Satterly a few days ago and she had just got your letter. She said she would think the matter over and get her son to write you what she could recollect. She says her grandfather Townsend gave Silvertail to her mother. Respectfully yours, J. S. Seeley. Yorkville, Kendall County, III., May 13, 1891. Mr. Joseph Battell. Some days since my mother, Mrs. H. A. Satterly of Aurora, 111., handed me yours of April 23 with inquiries regarding my grandfather Seeley's family of horses, and as my early life was spent in Chester, Orange 1 6 AMERICAN STALLION REGISTER County, N. Y., iintil I was eighteen years old, I became enamoured with these exceptionally fine horses that were coming from the old Charles Kent Mare, and the get of Long Island Black Hawk, Treadwell's Abdal- lah, Cassius M, Clay, American Star and other. I being a namesake of Edmund Seeley, the owner of American Star, and in a certain sense his pet nephew ; and, also as my Uncle Ebenezer Seeley made his home with my father and mother when he brought Abdallah firom Brooklyn, N. Y., to Chester, and kept him at our place for some time, — all conspired to make me a persistent questioner regarding their antecedents, and much of the information thus gathered has been of much use and satis- faction to me and it may be to you. I was perfectly familiar with the growmg up of Hambletonian from a sucking colt. We lived on adjoin- ing farms and Mr. Rysdyk exercised the colt by our door almost every day, and, since we have lived in this country Mr. Rysdyk has been here a number of times, and we have kept horses for him that he sent to this country. I note that your letter states that Hambletonian was bred and owned by Mr. Rysdyk. Such is not the fact. My Uncle Jonas Seeley bred him and sold him with his dam, the Charles Kent Mare, when a a sucking colt. Any facts that come within my range of knowledge I will willingly give. I will answer the questions to my mother from my own knowl- edge, and also what she can remember. This reply has been somewhat delayed as I have had to refer to some family records, dates, etc., but have done my best to get at the truth so far as I have gone. If not entirely satisfactory, write me again, and I may be able to throw more light on the dark points of early trotting history. I am truly yours, E. S. Satterly. Oswego, III., Nov. 7, 1891. Bread Loaf Stock Farm. Yours of the 4th is at hand. I am not able to give you the address of anv of the late Joseph Jackson's family, but refer you to Miss Hattie P. Seeley of Warwick, Orange County, N. Y. She is the daughter of Uncle Jonas Seeley and a sort of double cousin of the Jackson children. I think she will be able to give you the address if any of them are living. I think there were no boys but two or three girls. (Jonas Seeley the father of Hattie P., is the one that bred Hambletonian). Respectfully yours, J. S. Seeley. Question and answers from Mrs. Helen A. Satterly, Aurora, Kane County, 111. : Q. I. "Do you remember Silvertail — and if so will you please state her color and whether she was large or small?" " My mother does not seem to remember much of Silvertail in the mare's youth, as my mother was not born until 181 1, but as near as I can trace it Silvertail was foaled in 1807 or 8 and perhaps a year or two later. Black snip in face, roan rump and tail. She was a large mare as near as I can trace, 1200 with great grit or game." Q. 2. " Do you remember any thing as to what horse was, at that time, called the sire of Silvertail, and who owned such horse?" " My uncle Townsend Seeley who was the oldest of my grandfather's children told me that he took the dam of Silvertail to the horse for AMERICAN STALLION REGISTER 17 service and bred her. The horse was a gray colt owned by Thaddeus Seeley of Oxford, Orange County, N.Y." Q. 3. " Do you remember Silvertail having a grey mare colt, that afterwards got one eye put out? If so, how old were you when that colt was born ? If you remember this, it will enable you to tell me the year One Eye was born, which I want to know very much." " My mother does not remember much of One Eye until the mare was grown, and says they had a team they called One Eye and Bay and, when uncle Charles was married and left home, grandfather gave the team to him, which was about 1S20. Presuming that the team were in their prime would make One Eye foaled about 181 2 to 15, probably the latter. The bay mare was the oldest. I have this from my uncle Charles. If it is important to you, I can trace it up and probably be more exact." Note. — " The dam of Silvertail was a large black mare, snip of white in face or stripe of white, some white don't know how much. Don't just remember what my uncle said about the foot marks. Was a mare of great substance, grit and speed at the running gait ; he thought was highly estimated by my grandfather, Solomon Townsend of Albany, N. Y., who gave her to my grandfather Seeley, and from his description would be what we would call a fair type of an old fashioned English Hunter." Q. 4. " What horse was said to be the sire of One Eye when she was young, and who owned such horse? " " My uncle Charles called them Hambletonian." Q. 5. " Will you please give description of One Eye — color, size, marks, etc.?" " My mother says that we have a mare bred in the Hambletonian line strongly, that very much resembles the Charles Kent Mare, which mare I clearly remember was bay, nearly 16 hands, clean head and erect ear, full eye, large brain, neck thin, crested, fair length mane, fair thickness, did not carry head very high, naturally shoulders deep and thin at withers. Full breast, large girt, back very full and unusually strong at the coupling or connection with hips, rump long, tail long and fairly heavy, legs broad and flat, round and hard, color dark bay, black legs, mane and tail, rump slightly roan, hind feet white half way to pastern joint, no other white marks." Letter from Miss Houston : Nov. 14, 1 89 1. Mr. Battell. — Miss Luly received your letter and on account of sick- ness asked me to answer for her. Josiah Jackson has not any son living. He has three daughters. I will give the addresses of two of them : Mrs. L. R. Satterley, Chester, Orange County, N. ¥., Mrs. Joel H. Coleman, Craigville, Orange County, N. Y. Yours respectfully. Miss Carrie I. Houston. In our letter above referred to we said : I traced the Charles Kent mare through every hand that she passed through after she left your father until she was bought back of Charles Kent by your uncle, which was very satisfactory and I got accurate description of her, etc. But I would like to know where Bellfounder was kept when dam was bred to him? 1 8 AMERICAN STALLION REGISTER A. Write Geo. Andrews a nephew of Wm. M. Rysdyk orWm. Rysdyk, Jr., the father of both bred to him and owned a mare each, remember them very distinctly, both larger than this Kent Mare, bays no white, bob tailed, heavy set, flat legs, built very much like the Kent Mare. And I would also very much like to know something about her dam, the grandam of Hambletonian. Please give me description of this gran- dam if you can and if not able refer me if possible to some one who can? A. I do not know any one now living who can do so unless the aunt I speak of. Write John S. Seeley, Oswego, 111. Uncle Dr. Townsend Seeley's son who is a number of years older than I am. I am quite con- fident he must remember the dam of the Kent Mare, perhaps the other also. I have often heard Uncle Jonas tell about riding behind Grand- father home from New York, 60 miles, on the old mare, that is Silver- tail, after disposing of a drove of cattle. What year or about what year was this grandam of Hambletonian foaled? and who bred her and what was her sire? A. I have always understood she was by old Messenger, and One Eye by Bishop's Hambletonian by Messenger, or his son Mambrino. If you can reach Geo. Andrews I am sure he can ascertain from Hamble- tonian's record as he managed Rysdyk's business matters the latter part of his life. Letter from Mrs. Joel H. Coleman : Craigville, Orange County, N. Y., Dec. 21, 1891, Mr. Joseph Battell, Dear Sir : — All the information I can give you in regard to the one eyed mare my father owned is that she was a dark brown and had but one eye while he owned her, and that he sold her to Mr. Samuel Smith of Hector Falls with some young stock between the years of 1836 and 1840. I got this information from an old servant that was in our family at that time. It is so long ago that many of the old people that knew father at that time have passed away. If I hear any thing more in regard to her, I will report. Mrs. Joel Ho Coleman. Chester, Orange County, N. Y., Dec. 11, 1892. Mr. Joseph Baitell, Dear Sir : — Your letter of November 19th received. IMust apologize for not being more prompt in answering. About the mare you are inquiring for, I do not think my father owned such a mare. I am 47 years of age and have a brother older. We do not know nor remember of hearing speak of owning any such mare; You may have reference to the grand dam of Hambletonian (Rysdyk's), which was One Eye, and was owned at one time by Josiah Jackson. Yours truly, L. R. Satterly. Mr. E. S. Satterly, also writes of Hambletonian : "Sold with his dam in the fall of 1849 for $125 to Wm. M. Rysdyk, Chester, Orange County, N. Y., whose property he died 1876." Dr. Townsend Seeley of Aurora, 111., bom 1790, the eldest son of Jonas Seeley, Sr., said : AMERICAN STALLION REGISTER 19 " My father at one time owned a black bald face mare having white feet behind, which he called old Jin, and which he bought of George Dearman. When a boy I have ridden her many a day sowing corn, she was a mare of tremendous power and endurance but had the heaves. My father had a cousin Thaddeus Seeley who had a gray stallion to which old Jin was bred, and the product was a black filly in which the white face and the white feet were repeated, and a tuft of white hair, growing from the setting on the tail, gave her the name of Silvertail. Both old Jin and Silvertail died the property of my father." The gray stallion owned by Thaddeus Seeley, Jonas says was about the same age as Silvertail, and he fixes this point by the fact that his uncle Thaddeus rode him when he was courting his third wife, who was a sister of Jonas Seeley, Sr., and the aunt of the present Jonas. Oswego, III., May 30, 1906. Mr. Joseph Battell, Dear Sir : — Received your letter today. Charles Seeley, my father's brother, was born Nov. 16, 1800. I have no date of his death, but think it was in 1856 or '57, but he has a son living in Brooklyn, N.Y., 1018 Bedford Ave. He can probably give you the information you wish. My other uncle Jonas Seeley was born Dec. 12, 1797, married Tensie Ann Brown who was a sister of my mother, and I was named for her, and spent a great deal of time at their home, which was at Sugar Loaf, Orange County, N. Y. He was married June 15, 1820. He died at the home of his daughter, Mrs. Col. T. M. Cummins at Goshen, Orange Covmty, N. Y. I do not know the date of his death. I had a record of it but cannot find it now. His granddaughter Miss Carrie S. Houston, Florida, Orange County, N. Y., can tell you. Mrs. Helen Ann Satterly was a sister of Charles Seeley. He was married and left home long before she did. She was the youngest child and Uncle Charles was the fifth one of twelve children. Doctor Townsend Seeley was married in 181 7 at Blooming Grove, Orange County, N. Y., to MilHcent Tathill. Died in Na-Au-Say, Kendall County, 111., and I think he died in 1885 or very near. Uncle Edmund Seeley of Goshen, Orange County, N. Y., was the owner of "Old Star." Am 70 years old but I still have that Seeley pride and love of fast horses. I rode behind Hambletonian's mother the only time Uncle Jonas hitched her up and drove her. I was about 13 or 14 years old. She was never used for driving. Uncle P^benezer Seeley owned at one time Abdallah. I recollect very well seeing him leading the horse around. Old Hambletonian is buried at Chester, Orange County, very near where I used to live at one time. Hoping this information may be of some use to you, I remain, yours truly, Mrs. Tensie A, Jessap. In regard to the Kissam family, which at one time owned the dam of Abdallah, sire of Hambletonian, we have received the following letters from George K. Meynen, Jamaica, N. Y., dated Oct. 19 and Oct. 31, 1904: Mr. Joseph Battell, Dear Sir : — My grandfather's name was Philip Piatt Kissam ; his brothers were Daniel Kissam, Jr., and Benjamin TredweH Kissam.. Upon AMERICAN STALLION REGISTER looking over my book of the Kissam family I find word of a Timothy Treadwell Kissam, born at Huntington, L. I., August lo, 1800, a crockery and glass merchant in New York City, and was burned out by the fire of 1835. He married Sept. 10, 1822, Sarah, a daughter of Judge Peter Betts of Chenango County, N. Y. She died Sept. 25, 1848. Issue : Peter Betts Kissam, lawyer, and Lambert Holland Kissam. (No further record given of either son). After the death of his wife, he removed to Berlin, Wis., where he married Mary J. Sayles (no children). He died May 25, 1878, and was buried in the Berlin Cemetery. His brothers were Benjamin, Joseph, Daniel, Whitehead, Jr., M. I)., and Samuel. Half brothers, William Wilmont, M. U., Seabury, George, John Oakley and Edward. Hoping that some of the foregoing may be of service to you, I am, Yours very truly, Jamaica, N. Y. George K. Meynen, M. D. Mr. Joseph Battell, Dear Sir: — Referring to your letter of Oct. 12, 1904 to postmaster at Jamaica : The Mr. Kissam you refer to was probably my grandfather, Philip Piatt Kissam, the only man in Jamaica of that name at that time. He had two brothers, Daniel Kissam, Jr., and Benjamin Treadwell Kissam, Jr., and Benjamin Treadwell Kissam — all are dead. If there is any further information you desire, 1 will gladly respond. Yours very truly, Geo. K. Mevnen. Mr. Joseph Battell, Dear Sir : — Referring to your letter of Oct. 20, 1904, I have been unable to find any information that my grandfather or either of his brothers ever resided in Berlin, Wis. Yours very truly, Oct. 31, 1904. Geo. K. Meynen, M.D. An old letter (1S74) in Tiu-f, Field and Fann from Aurora, 111., says: " The little County of Kendall adjoining us on the south has a little horse history and is entitled to a chronicler. Here lives Dr. Townsend Seeley, who, with Jonas, and their sister, Mrs. Satterly, are the only sur- viving children of Jonas Seeley, Sr. The Doctor is as vigorous and as hale as a man of 60. He was the oldest of a family of twelve children, and was born in Orange County, N. Y., 84 years ago. " Here Mr. Rysdyk used to come to visit his sister, Mrs. Cowdry, and here Edmund Seeley made a stop for a time with old American Star, whom he sought to find favor for in Illinois, because Orange County was then unappreciative. " The writer hereof was favored a few days since with a call from Dr. Townsend Seeley, brother of Edmund Seeley of Goshen, who from his recollections relates with much interest the Orange County horse history of eighty years ago. " The books and the pedigree makers tell us that the 3d dam of Hambletonian, Silvertail, was by Imported Messenger. Dr. Seeley states she was by a son of Imported Messenger. " The Doctor said that his father at one time owned a black, bald face mare, which he bought of Geo. D. Carman, having white feet behind, that they called old Jin ; and the old doctor said when a boy AMERICAN STALLION REGISTER 21 he had ridden her many days ploughing corn ; that she was a mare of tremendous power and endurance but had the heaves : that his father had a cousin Thaddeus Seeley who was also a brother-in-law, who had a gray stallion got by Imported Messenger; that old Jin was bred to this son of Messenger, and that the produce was a black filly in which the white face and the white feet were repeated, and that a tuft of white hair growing from the setting on of the tail gave her the name of Silvertail. Both old Jin and Silvertail died the property of his father, Jonas Seeley, Sr. " Speaking of old One Eye I asked the doctor whence her name was derived. He said his brother, Ebenezer, went into the field to catch her, and when driving her into a corner, with a sharp stick in his hand, the mare attempted to rush past him, and ran an eye against the stick, destroying the sight." HAMBLETONIAN. From American Cultivator. " Your readers will remember that in November, 1873, Hambletonian, then an old horse, was carefully measured by Peter C. Kellog and Guy Miller. Seventeen years later, Mr. Miller gives us the result of this meas- urement, the figures 15-1^. Mr. Kellog, on the other hand, says 15-054^. Upon calling Mr. Kellog's attention to this rather serious discrepancy, I have been favored with the following : " ' I can only say that I am as sure as a man can be of anything that occurred seventeen years ago, that the measurement I gave you of Hambletonian was correct. At the time I was astonished that he measured no higher at the withers, and as I had known and closely observed him for years, all the while thinking him much taller, when I found that he was only fifteen hands and a quarter of an inch, it made a permanent impression on my mind, and I never forgot it. Further- more, I came home from Chester and immediately wrote out in a book, which I now have, not only his measurements in height at the withers but many other measurements of him taken at the time. This was copied from the paper on which I took it into the book within two or three days of the time the measurements were taken, the paper not only being before me, but the whole matter then fresh in my mind, a matter, too, that to me was of great interest. " ' In making the measurements I took the greatest pains to be accurate. After getting permission to measure the horse, I got Guy Miller to come and help me, and if he says the height was fifteen hands, one and one-quarter inches, I am sure he is mistaken. Memory alone might be wrong, but my book and memory agree. When your letter arrived asking Hambletonian's height, I recalled it at once. I was so sure of it that I need not have taken the trouble to look at the book to answer you, but I did look at the book merely to get the date upon which the measurements were made. " * Guy Miller may have answered you from memory, but if he made any memorandum in November, 1873, to which he can now refer, I will bet him a big apple that his own memorandum says i5-oJ{( and not as he writes to you 15-134^. I also clearly recaU that we found Hamble- tonian exactly two inches higher behind than in front. The note in the book gives the rear measurement 15-234^ and this would make my meas- urement at the withers right. There is not a doubt in my mind but that ^^"^^^g^*- Peter C. Kellog.'" AMERICAN STALLION REGISTER HAMBLETONIAN (rYSDYK's). ***** This, I take it, is as good a description, in brief compass, as was ever written of a horse. Mr. Wallace in his recent 'Horse of America,' quotes an equally good and very similarly put, but much longer one, by ' Hark Comstock,' which he commends, with one or two exceptions. * He had a remarkable coarse head in its size and outline, ' says Mr. Wallace, but I think this statement needs qualification. The coarseness of effect was due almost entirely to the top line of the profile, which was distinctly Roman. But Mr. Harris' description speaks of the delicacy and fineness of the head from the frontal angle, and it was in no wise meaty, all the bony processes being sharpely defined. " Mr. Wallace also says : ' His two great meaty ends, connected with a long and perfect barrel, two or three sizes too small for the ends, showed such a marked disproportion that I have often wondered at it.' *' * * * So far as I have ever been able to learn, the only other photo- graph of Hambletonian is the stock photograph by Schreiber, which has been widely circulated. As is well known, it is printed from a negative that has been tampered with and 'retouched ' beyond endurance. The Dole photograph, on the contrary, while it bears the imprint of 'Schreiber and Son ' on the back, is printed directly from the plate, just as the sun originally stamped the likeness of Hambletonian upon its sensitive sur- face. The mighty son of Abdallah stands in the angle formed by a stone wall, and a close, high board fence, his outline clearly defined, and his famous half-Indian, half-Negro groom, Harmon Showers, at his head.'' Volunteer. — In The Horse Review, Feb. 7, i8gg. AUCTION SALE OF HORSES AT GOSHEN, N. Y., WITHOUT A BID. Editor American Horse Breeder: — In your issue of March 22 is an article from Nevvburgh, N. Y., on the above auction sale, that was to take place at Goshen, on March 6, where the auctioneer could not obtain a bid on any of the animals there offered, etc. He goes on to say that he never knew of such a thing happening before, in Orange County, and perhaps he didn't. I will cite a parallel case that I witnessed at Chester, N. Y., in the year 185 1, where there was a sale of good, sound, young horses to take place, and in the lot was one of the greatest ani- mals ever foaled, which at that time was only two years old, yet not a single bid could the auctioneer obtain. That animal was no other than the great and renowned Hambletonian. This sale took place in the summer of 1S51, at Bill Rysdyk's residence in the western part of the village. I found many in attendance when I arrived there, with a friend of mine named George Payne, who resided in New York City. Among the horses offered was the one later known as Sir Walter, but from a cause unknown to me not a single bid could Oscar Owen, the auctioneer, get. " Hambletonian," said Mr. Hawkins, " I knew from the time he was a four-year-old until his death, there never being a year during that period in which I did not see him a dozen or more times, and I remem- ber him well. He has been called a coarse horse, but he was not, aside from his head, which might be considered so, as his nose was a little on the Roman order, but not markedly so, while his ear was also rather large. But his legs were very clean and showed quahty. Schreiber's photograph of him is a very good hkeness. In temperament he was possessed of a will of his own, but was not vicious, and there was noth- AMERICAN STALLION REGISTER 23 ing heavy or sluggish about him. He was a bold, fearless actor, with good knee and hock action. He was neither very Jong-gaited nor especially trappy, but about medium. Concerning his speed, all I know is that the report was that he had trotted in a race on Long Island in 2 :34. I never saw him speeded, but recollect seeing him driven at the Orange County Fair by Mr. Rysdyk when he was an old horse — I think twenty at the time. " My father took the McKinstry Mare to Hambletonian at the time Shark was bred ; when he returned he told me that Hambletonian was the finest four-year-old horse he had ever seen, and although he had to pay $25 for the service fee, which was five dollars more than he had ever paid before, yet having seen the horse he could not go away without using him. The result of the union was Shark. When Dexter was bred we reasoned that if we could get a horse of Shark's speed and individu- ality from Hambletonian and a mare of unknown breeding, herself not only so fine a mare as her daughter, Clara, that if we bred the latter to him we would get a world beater. Dexter was not an accident — we bred with the expectation of getting a good one, and he surpassed our expectations." — Clark's Horse Review. On pages 35-37, will be found further valuable information of the breeding of One Eye, in interview with William Brooks. The six fastest trotters got by Hambletonian were : Dexter, 2:17. Nettie, 2:18. Orange Girl, 2 : 20. Gazelle, 2:21. Artillery, 2 :2ii^. Jay Gould, 2 :2i i^^. The dams of five of them, including the three fastest, were by the inbred Morgan horse, American Star. The American Trotting Register credits Hambletonian with 40 2 :30 trotters, (Dexter, 2:17, the fastest), but one of them was to wagon in slower time, and others are doubtful, both as to breeding and record, the breeders of seven not being given in the Trotting Register. Also sire of 150 sires of 1491 trotters, 223 pacers ; 80 dams of iii trotters, 8 pacers. PEDIGREE HUNTING. [In 1886 we made quite an extended trip to Orange County, N. Y., seeking inform- ation in regard to the more prominent horses, especially Hambletonian, of that locality. The results were published in the Middlebury (Vt.) Register, Vol. 52 (1887), No. 1-7 inclusive; and as they discuss at length the breeding and characteristics of Ham- bletonian, including the only complete tracing ever given of his dam, we have thought best to reprint the article entire here :] "Jan. 27, 1886. I left Middlebury, Vt., for Orange County, N. Y., for the purpose of investigating the horse history of that locality. Remaining at Rutland over night, ixoiw Rutland on Thursday, I went to Newburgh by Saratoga, Albany and West Shore route. At Newburgh there was a delay of four hours before the train for Orange County left. I inquired for some gentleman that would know about the old horse history, and was directed 24 AMERICAN STALLION REGISTER to W. C. Tremble, livery-keeper and trainer of that place. Mr, Tremble is 59 years old, has a very fine livery stand at Newburgh, and is a gentle- man of prominence in the corammiity. Supposing that I might meet with a good deal of opposition, I made the horse Tom Thumb, sire of the dam of Green's Bashaw, the leading object of my inquiries. This did not excite any very great interest, but it did not stir up any opposition, and, indeed, in a number of places I met with so much genuine courtesy, not to say kindness, that I am full willing to admit that it has never been my lot to see a more magnificent farming country, and never have I begun to see such large and handsome farm buildings, both houses and barns. There is a splendid display of farms houses and villages, with signs of wealth, that we up here in Ver- mont at least cannot begin to show. I have always considered the homes of our lake towns as models of country life, and so they are, but there are many farm houses in Orange County that are palaces in com- parison. I saw several stallions that, to my fancy, were of great merit, notably Sweepstakes, owned by Harrison Mills of Goshen, and the five-year-old Clay stallion owned by Mr. Galvin of Chester. In the Chester County horses the effect of the Star blood is very evident, refining the coarse- ness of the Hambletonian that comes through Abdallah, and tending to create a model family of horses. Sweepstakes hardly over 15 hands is especially a fair sample of this product. The trotters that he has produced, though comparatively a young horse, attest his merit. Mr. W. C. Tremble said : "Tom Thumb was a chestnut pony, about 14 or 14-1 ; 800 pounds; plucky, stout-built, handsome — very handsome, a perfect beauty; a perfect little horse. Wm. Webber kept him ; think he was bred at the edge of Jersey somewhere. I saw him at Goshen. Tom Thumb was a trotter ; claimed to be very fast — one of the fastest in the country. Don't suppose he could speed better than a forty gait. That was in 1843. My father had a pacer that beat him. She could pace a twenty gait ; come from the north ; sold to Col. Fletcher. Tom Thumb was here some years ; B. K. Johnson, East Goldenham, Orange County, N. Y., will know about him. "Almost all the stallions kept here formerly were racehorses from Long Island. Many of them were broken down. There was, " Lance, thoroughbred ; a large brown horse, broken down. " Bay Richmond, bay horse, broken down ; saw him run half a mile ; ran very fast ; large bay horse, fully 1 6 hands. " Alexander W., big chestnut horse : not quite thoroughbred ; got good colts. " Old American Star was a very close, compact chestnut horse, stout, 15 hands ; smallest one of the whole. He had bad feet; his colts also. He was a running horse ; also trotted ; could trot in 2 140 ; nearly thoroughbred ; think he came from New Jersey. Cyrus DuBois owned him, about 12 or 14 miles north of Shawangunk, N. Y., a number of years; then Ed. Seeley of Goshen got him. From $5 to ^15 was the AMERICAN STALLION REGISTER 25 price on common coarse mares. The mares here in Orange County con- tributed very much to the success of Hambletonian, they showed more blood. Hambletonian was a very coarse horse — big ears, big head, big feet, coarse limbs ; looked more like a truck horse than anything. For account of New York horses refer to J. W. Hoyt and Harrison Mills, both of Goshen." Mr. J. G. Fechter, Newburgh, being sent for by Mr. Tremble, came in and said : " Webber lived in Goshen two or three years; claimed Tom Thumb could trot ten miles in thirty minutes. The first fair in Orange County was about 1840. Webber owned Fiddler, by Monmouth Eclipse, at same time; think he was not here in 1842; came the year before Abdallah ; think first season was 1843. DuBois got Star in Jersey somewhere. Stockholm's American Star was a running horse. He was kept at Wash- ingtonville one season ; I bred a mare to him ; think it was in 1828. Seeley's Star was said to be by Stockholm's American Star. Stock- holm's American Star was here the same year as old Bellfounder. He came in the fall. We bred the same mare to Bellfounder in the fall. We paid for the Stockholm's American Star colt. Old Star split his hoof and they kept him for mares. Post Boy stood at Washingtonville ; we raised a colt from him. Washingtonville is twelve miles from here. We are more indebted to the Star blood for trotters and fine roadsters than to any other that was ever in the county. Bellfounder was at Washing- tonville in the fall, and I think the next spring. He was 16 hands, bay, and rather coarse ; got Tremper's Bellfounder ; he got La Tourette's and Potter's Bellfounder. " Lance was at Washingtonville about 1833. Rysdyk paid 1^4250 for Bellfounder (by Hambletonian). Sea Gull also was at Washingtonville; old John Oltner kept hotel there. Bay Richmond was 16 hands. Mam- brino Messenger was kept west of Poughkeepsie. Old Star died in 1861. Thomas Bingham of Newburgh owned Goldsmith Maid at one time. He is very conversant with pedigrees. T. George made up the pedigree of Edward Everett on the dam's side ; called her Margrave, etc. ; nobody knew. The dam of Middletown was claimed to be by Eclipse, but this is not known. "Stockholm's Star was a big chestnut horse with star; not a coarse horse. I sold seven horses for $77,500, namely : Music, foaled in 1867, bred by Wm. Coleman, Middletown, Orange County, N. Y. ; got by Middletown ; dam by Roe's Fiddler ; sold to Robert Bonner for $8,500. &qu